| LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. I
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| UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
AN
EASY GUIDE
7 : THE
GERMAN LANGUAGE
A NEW COURSE OF INSTRUCTION.
GEE M A X
A SHORT TIME.
J. .<?. EEISEXDER. Ph. Doc.
:■:.
I
LONDON ;
DCLAU AND CO.. SOHO SQUARE.
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PREFACE.
This little work is neither a grammar, a dictionary,
a series of selections, a vocabulary, nor a volume of
dialogues and conversations, In taking it up, the
reader must not expect it to introduce him to all the
detail to be met with in Adelung, Noehden, or Grimm.
Its object and aim are to ease the labour and econo-
mise the time of those beginning to learn German.
The first three chapters contain sound theoretical and
practical instruction, calculated to give the young
student clear and correct ideas of pronunciation, de-
clension, conjugation, literal, interlinear, and free
translation, syntax and construction.
These, together with the two chapters of Familiar,
Idiomatical, and Mercantile Phraseology, at the end
of the book, will enable him, with a very moderate
share of the assistance of a competent master, to read,
write, and speak German in a short time, when he
will be prepared for the attainment of any degree of
perfection at which he may feel desirous of aiming
in the language and literature of Germany.
The Author.
London. May, 1844.
ERRATUM.
Page 92, eight lines from bottom, for " German propositions" read
"German prepositions"
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.
In pronunciation and provincial peculiarities of every
description, Germany has as many Yorkshires and
Lancashires, &c, as any nation in Europe. This
fact will enable the intelligent reader to account for
the discrepancies published in German grammars on
the sounds and powers of different elements in the
German alphabet. In the pronunciation of these,
however, natives of England cannot do better than
follow the directions given in this work, disregarding
in toto the verbiage of those who say that b, at the
end of German words takes the hard sound of t, and
thus teach their pupils to transform Sob into Xot,
Jtmb into Mint, tmb into unt, SJiunb into SKunt, SSJJonb
into gjfont, ©lieb into ©iter, &c. &c.
The letter b has the same sound and power in
German as in Dutch, French, Italian, Latin, Portu-
guese, and English words.
In the pronunciation of the letter §, the studenr
who may endeavour to teach himself may be guided
by the note at the bottom of page 4. The only ad-
dition to be made at present to the instruction con-
tained in that note is this :- — §, followed by a consonant,
is occasionally articulated like sh in English, ch in
French, and sc in Italian words ; but in the second
person of some verbs, and at the end of superlative^
VI
in jie, the ft preserves the articulation it has in state,
standard, &c.
In German, as in English, Dutch, Danish, Swed-
ish, Norwegian, Icelandic, and other various lan-
guages and dialects, verbs have only four simple
tenses, viz. two in the indicative mood, and two in
the subjunctive mood. In all these languages, the
future and conditional tenses are not simple, but
compound forms, obtained by placing certain tenses
of some auxiliary or helping verb before the infinitive
mood of another verb.
In German, the present tense of the indicative of
the verb roerbett is used to form the future tense,
while the imperfect tense of the subjunctive mood
of the same verb is employed in the formation of the
conditional tense. For this reason these two tenses
only of voetben are given in this work, pages 25, 26,
and 27, almost immediately before the introduction
of the future and conditional tenses, pages 28 and 29.
The potential mood, as defined by English gram-
marians, has no existence in the northern languages
of Europe, nor is such a mood either known among
or acknowledged by German, Dutch, Swedish, or
Danish grammarians. It has been allowed to appear
in the present publication for the sake of conforming,
in some measure, to the notions entertained on this
point by native writers on English grammar, and in
order to elicit such further attention to this subject as
those whom it more particularly concerns may think
proper to bestow upon it.
The conditional tense, which in this work has been
called the " Conditional Mood," is not a part of the
subjunctive mood, as some contend, but a compound
Vll
form of the verb in all the northern languages of the
Indo-Germanic family, that might, perhaps, with more
propriety be termed the imperfect, or second form of
the future tense.
This must become evident to any person who will
take the trouble to compare the two simple tenses
of the French, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese sub-
junctive mood with the future and conditional tenses
of the same languages, In each of these languages,
the future tense is a separate and distinct form of
the verb, produced by a change in its termination,
and so is the conditional tense ; and the forms of these
two tenses, in the language of each of these four
sections of the European Continent, are very different
from either the present or the imperfect tense of the
subjunctive mood.
Regular active German verbs are conjugated like
the regular neuter verb fcfyerjen (p. 45). Thus, loben,
to praise : —
Indicative Mood.
Present Tense.
3ct) lobe/ eu fobfti er lobt ; toil lobeti/ tyi lebet/ fie loben.
Imperfect Tense,
3$ lobte/ bu lebteft, er lobte 3 toil lebten, tyt [obtet, fie lobten.
Subjunctive Mood.
Present Tense.
3d) lobe, bu lobeft, er lobe 3 rotr loben, tyr iobei, }it (oben.
Imp ei feet Tense,
3* (obete/ bu lebeteft, er (obetej mix lobeten, tbr lofretet, fie
iobeten.
Vlll
Future Tense.
3cf) roerbe loben, bu rairft loben, er nrirb loben ; wtu rcerben
loben/ ttjr roerbet loben/ fte roerben loben.
Conditional Tense.
3rf) tturbe loben/ bu rcurbeft loben/ cu nmrben loben 5 wir ixmrben
loben/ tyr routbet loben/ fte rcurben loben.
Pres. Part. — lobenb. Past Part. — gelobt.
German passive verbs are formed by means of the
simple tenses of the verb Herbert, and the past parti-
ciple of the active verb. Thus, id) werbe gelobt, I am
praised ; id) rourbe gelobt, I was praised, and so on,
for the other persons and tenses.
German irregular verbs may be divided into six
classes. The first class contains only fen, of which
the following are the radical monosyllables: bad,
fafyr, grab, lab, maty, fcfyaff, fcfylag, trag, roacfyS, roafd).
With the exception of mafyl, the radical vowel a is
changed into u in the imperfect tense of the indicative
mood ; hence in that tense they make buf, fufer, grub,
tub, fcfyuff, fcfylug, trug, wucfyS, roufcfy. The imperfect
tense of the subjunctive mood is formed by changing
the u of the imperfect of the indicative into u, and
adding e to the final consonant, thus: bitcfe, fufyre,
grube, tube, fdjuffe, fcfyluge, truge, rpuc^fe, wufdje. Each
of these verbs takes the augment ge in the past
participle, retaining the radical monosyllable and the
termination of the infinitive mood : as, ge^bac?-en,
ge^fafyr^en, ge-grab-en, ge^lab-en, ge^maf)Uen, ge-fd)afj^
en, ge^fd)lag-en, ge-trag^en, ge-wad)^en, ge-wafcr^eiu
These verbs also contain the radical monosyllable
in the imperative mood, to which e is added to form
the second person singular, as given in the list. The
IX
irregularity of the present tense of the indicative,
consists in changing the radical vowel a into a in
the second and third persons singular. The present
tense of the subjunctive mood of irregular verbs is
always regular,
The second class contains fourteen verbs, of which
the following are the radical monosyllables : — bld§,
brat, faf>, fait, i)ang, lag, rati), falj, fcplaf, fpalt, i)au,
lauf/ ruf, ftof, fang, ^alt* The imperfect tense of
the indicative mood of these verbs is formed by
changing the radical vowel a into ie and i : fyang and
fang are the only themes in this list which change
a into t in the imperfect tense. Hence they make
blte§, brief, (fat) has no imperfect tense) ft el, i)tng,
Hep, rtetl), ftyltef, l)ieb, lief, rief, ftte£, ftng, f)ielt.
@aljen and fpatten are irregular throughout, except in
the past participle. Sjauzn is regular in the present
tense of the indicative mood. The radical mono-
syllable is retained in the past participle of each
of this class of irregulars, and preceded by the aug-
ment ge, as in the first class, thus : — ge-blaf-en, ges
brazen, ge-fa^en, ge-falUen, ge^ang-en, ge^laff^en,
ge^rat^en, gesfalj-en, gesfdjlafcen, ge^fpalteen, ge^f)au-
en, ge4auf-en, ge^tufcen, ge-ftoj^en, ge-fang~en, ge-
fyalt^en. Like the first class, these verbs also retain
the radical monosyllable in the imperative mood, and
add e to it ; they likewise form their second and third
persons singular of the present tense of the indicative
mood by changing the radical vowel a or o into a or
6, as in the first list.
The third class contains thirteen verbs, of which
the following are the radical monosyllables : — 1% frep,
geb, *ne8, ^fd)el), leg, me£, fety, tret, sgeg, bitt, lieg, fife
The imperfect tense of these verbs is formed by
changing the radical vowels e and i into a : as, a$,
frag, gab, ge^na§, ge^fcfyafy, la§, maf, faf), trat, ser^gafj,
bat, lag, fap. These verbs retain the radical e in the
past participle, and take the augment ge: thus, ge-
geffcen, gc^freff-en, ge^geb-en, ge-nefcen, ge^e^en,
ge-lefcen, ge^mefj^en, ge-fe^en, ge^tret^en, tter^geff-en,
ge^bet^en, ge^leg^en. ©e-nefcen, bitten, lieg^en, and
]t^en, are regular in the present tense of the indica-
tive mood. They are also regular in the imperative
mood, and, therefore, make genefe, bitte, liege, and
ft^e, in the second person singular.
The fourth class contains thirty-nine verbs. The radi-
cal concretive of these is ei, which is changed into t in
the imperfect tense and in the past participle. Each
of these verbs is regular in the present tense of the
indicative and in the imperative mood. Their radical
monosyllables are : — fieif , betf , bletcf), gtetd), gleit, gretf,
reif, fnetf, fneip, letb, pfeif, retj*, reft, fcfyletd), fcfyleif,
fcfyleijj, fcfymei^, fdmeib, fdjreit, ftteicfy, jlreit, miti), bletb,
-betf), lety, meib, preiS, reib, fd)eib, fcfyem, fcfytetb, ferret,
fc^roeig, fpei, jleig, treib, n>ei§, jety, l)ei£L
With the exception of be^fietf^en, all the verbs of this
class take the augment ge in the past participle : as, ge^
biffcen, &c.
The fifth class contains forty-nine verbs, each of
which changes its radical vowel, or concretive, into o
in the imperfect tense and in the past participle.
Their radical monosyllables are:— Meg, Met, flieg,
fliel), flieg, frier, *nie£, fried), ftyfeb, fd)ie£, fd)lie£,
fcfcnieb, fieb, fipriefj, jiieb, trief, trug, ^btie£, 4ier, uneg,
jtef), fauf, fcfynaub, fcfyraub, glimm, flimm, flemm, *roeg,
fed?t, flecfyt, ^eb, meif, pfleg, quell, fdjer, fcfymelj, fc&well,
XI
mb, gd^r, fdbwar, »dg, [ijwbx, lofd), fcfyatt. With the
exception of those compounded with be and set, the
past participle of these verbs takes the augment ge :
as, ge-boteen, ge^flob-en, &c.
The sixth class contains forty-two verbs, fourteen
of which change their radical vowel i into it, while
the rest change their radical e into o, in the past
participle, and all have a in the imperfect tense of
the indicative, and d in the imperfect of the subjunc-
tive mood. Their radical monosyllables are : — binb,
bring, ftnb, 4tng, fling, ring, filing, fcfynnnb, ftng, finf,
fprtng, trinf, rrunb, jrctng, -ginn, -roinn, rinn, fdutnmm,
firm, sfeljt, berg, berft, brefd), ^bdr, gelt, bred), belf, nefym,
fcfyeit, feared, fpred), fied), jlecf, ftebt, jlerb, trejf, =berb,
rcerb, rcerb, rcerf*
With the exception of be-ginn^en, be-fefyUen, emp^
fef)Uen, and fler^berb^en, each of these verbs takes the
augment ge in the past participle, as ge-bunb-en, ge-
brofd)-en, &c.
For a more detailed account of German verbs, the
student is referred to the fifth and sixth chapters of
the first part of " Every Englishman his own German
Master." In the former, the irregular verbs are
conjugated at full length ; and in the latter there is a
complete development of the nature and formation of
German verbs and substantives.
German construction, the theory of which the
student will find in the third chapter of this book, is
not natural but scientific ; it is a servile imitation of
the Latin construction, introduced at first in the sus-
tained style of the bar, and of public business, whence
it passed into the ordinary language of the people, and
into common life.
Xll
In using this part of the work, each rule and exam-
ple should be committed to memory, and reference be
made to such portions of the practical application of
the theory as bear immediately upon the rule. More-
over, each example ought to be considered as a model
sentence, by which the student is to construct, write,
and speak other sentences.
The Familiar, Idiomatical, and Mercantile Phrase-
logy in the two last chapters, should be studied in the
same manner.
By a strict adherence to the directions given for
using this book, the student will make more solid pro-
gress in a few weeks than he would be able to make
in as many months, by pursuing a different course in
his endeavours to acquire a knowledge of German.
In conclusion, the student should not omit learning
to write the German character.
TME GERMAN AiyPHABET.
CAPITAL LETTERS.
c
//.. % J, -I
dz
x
B C
Mm 4. 3 1 discern
J K
f
L M
'/__ //,
U
P / Q R S
W^PCh. -2.
W X
n ;
3.
/
1
SMALL LETTERS
c d.
\\ .
4?
/VW, AV, /V, \ , sty, K\
TLT XL O
O ,
s
t
//,
^
v
UMLAUTE OR MODIFIED VOWELS
V 17
\
r , vt -11 ,
Oe
Ue
1
^ 2 . «C
DOUBLE CONSONANTS.
1 / , KA
ff
ss
/
.sr
/
THE ALPHABET Effl&MPUFIMX
THE LORDS PRAYER
FROM LUTHER'S TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE
a>,
OH*^Pty _Si Ti 1'PtsH/' ^t^O^t^t^t/tt^ ^Py^iy^U^t^^l^tplfT.
h/11^ 1 1& I 1i I * J I '■ '
^ti^^t^py^u^ /Pispt 6 \ 17^-pp^
<^Pu^^pi^ ^p^/p^pp^^p^i//- /Pyn v
5
yp^H^r-pp^
c->^ c 1^11/ 1 111 1 l/^lw
^p-pi/ y^t^^fy&ispj^
EASY GUIDE
TO THE
GERMAN LANGUAGE.
THE
ALPHABET
Characters.
Sounds. P(
)wers.
Characters.
Sounds
Powers
21 a
ah
a
&
o J
t a i
3Ce a J
Dc
oeu, (jeu, vceu
) oe
a
ae
$
P
"pa
P
25 b
ba
b
tf
pa ef
Pf
6 c
tsa
c
^
pa hah
ph
*
tsa hah
ch
£l
q
coo
q
cf
tsa hah
ck
m
r
err
r
£> b
da
d
Q
f«
ess
s
e e
eh
e
©d) fcb
ess tsa hah
sell
S f
ef
f
fff
ess ess
ss
ff
efef
ff
ft
ess ta
St
© 8
gha
g
S
t
ta
t
£ I)
hah
h
3$
ft
ta hah
th
3 i
e
i
£5
6
ta tset
tz
3 i
yott
J
U
u
00
u
it i
hah
k
Ue
u
u (rue, vue)
ue
8 I
ell
1
S3
0
f ho it-
V
a
ell ell
11
SB
w
va
w
3R m
em
m
3E
*
eehs
X
91 n
en
n
9
9
eepselon
y
.0 0
oh
0
3
5
tset
z
CHAPTER I.
PRONUNCIATION, DECLENSION, CONJUGA-
TION OF THE SIMPLE TENSES OF VERBS,
EXERCISES IN LITERAL, INTERLINEAR,
AND FREE TRANSLATION, &c. &c.
The simple vowels, a, it if r;, o, \x, are pronounced as
follows : —
%, when long, like a m the English word bar, in the
French word has, and in the Italian verb dare. As exam-
ples the student may take, libenb, evening ; SSatet"/ father ;
2i bel, nobility.
In each of the above German words, the a has a long
quantity.* When this German vowel is short, it is pro-
nounced like a in the English words glass, pass, grass, &c.
As examples the student may take, bacBen, to bake ; mad)en/
to make, &c.
The German C/ when long, is sounded like the English a
in fate, hate, late, &c. ; and like the English e in the words
met, pet, yet, &c, when its quantity is short.
It is, moreover, to be observed, that this e is never mute
or silent in German, except when immediately preceded in
the same syllable by the vowel i, in which situation e loses
its own sound, and lengthens that of i, which is then equi-
valent to the English double e, in the words meet, street,
fleet, &e.
I have now said sufficient respecting the sounds and
powers of the German vowels a, e and i, to justify me in
introducing the student to the definite article, which is de-
clined thus : —
* As a general rule for the pronunciation of the vowels and diph-
thongs in the German language, it may be observed that they have
a long quantity when followed by one consonant only, and a short
quantity when followed by two or more consonants.
Masc.
Fern.
JYeftf.
P/z*r. for all genders,
N. bet
bie
ba§
bit, the
G. beg
bee
bes
ber^ of the
D. bem
tec
bem
bem to the
A. ten
bio
cas
bie# the.
This is the most perfect specimen of declension in the
German language, and that according to which ail German
adjectives, present and past participles, as well as all relative,
possessive, demonstrative, and indefinite pronouns are de-
clined.
The definite article owes its origin to the three personal
pronouns, zt, he ; \ie, she ; €6/ it. The terminations —
Masc,
Fern.
Xeut.
Plur
. for all genders,
X. er
e
e£
e
G. ee
er
e$
er
D. em
er
em
en
A. en
e
eg
tt
affixed to any one of the above-mentioned parts of speech,
will give its declension in the different cases and numbers.
This view not only explains the theory of German declen-
sion, but is, in fact, the substance of all the declension that
has any real existence in the German language, with the
sole exception of that which is peculiar to the personal pro-
nouns, to be given hereafter.
©ut/ good ; wetfJi white ; Itebenb/ loving ; ap\etyct$ learned ;
gebtlber, educated ; tretdfv* who, which; mein, my ; betiij thy ;
fetti/ his ; bteS/ this ; jen, that; job/ each, every ; Eein, no one,
none, and fold)/ such, are adjectives, present and past parti-
ciples, relative, possessive, demonstrative and indefinite pro-
nouns, which the student will be able to decline at once, bv
* In the German language, d) and Qf initial, medial and final, have
peculiarities of sound which can only be acquired by imitating the
pronunciation of a competent master. Those, however, who are
acquainted with the gutteral aspirate sounds of the Romaic, Turkish,
Hebrew, Arabic. Persian, Coptic, Sanscrit, Spanish, Welch, Irish, or
even with the sound of chin the word Lochlomond. will experience no
difficulty in acquiring the pronunciation of the German characters.
affixing to them the above terminations, as given in the
different cases. The adjective, therefore, he will decline
thus : —
Masc.
Fern.
Neut.
Plur.
for
all genders.
N.
gutter
e
eg
e
G.
e£
er
eg
er
D.
em
er
em
en
A.
en
e
eg
e.
This example will show the student that the nominative
and accusative cases singular, feminine and plural of all
genders are the same ; that the genitive and dative cases
singular feminine are alike ; that the genitive plural of the
three genders is the same as the nominative singular mas-
culine, and that the accusative singular masculine and the
dative plural of the three genders have the same termina-
tion.
I shall give another example in illustration and exempli-
fication of what I have just advanced, and then leave it for
the student to affix the terminations to the other words him-
self, which he will be able to do correctly without any
difficulty whatever.
Masc.
Fern.
Neut.
Plur. for
all genders.
N.
reetcfcer
e
eg
e
G.
eg
er
eg
er
D.
em
er
em
en
A.
en
e
eg
e.
Before returning to the analysis of the vowels, it may
not be amiss to teach the student how to conjugate the
German verbs fetn,* to be, and fyaben, to have.
* In German , the consonant f, where it is not accompanied by
another consonant, is invariably pronounced by good readers and
speakers like the English s in rose, repose, &c. Before p and t,
at the beginning of a word, it is pronounced like s in the same situa-
tion in English words. Double f/ medial and final, is pronounced
like st, in the word listen. The German et is pronounced like the
English i in wine, vine, &c.
Indicative Mood.
Present Tense.
3d) ton/ 1 am ; bu tuft/ thou art ; cr, fte/ eS tji, he, she, it is ; voiz
ftnb/ we are; tfyr fetb/ you are ; fie ftnb/ they are. 3$ bin nid;t, I
am not ; bu toft nid)t, thou art not ; er tft ntd)t, he is not ; wiv ftnb
mcl)t, we are not ; it)r fetb nid)t, you are not ; fie ftnb nid)i# they
are not. Sin id] ? Am I ? Stft b\x ? Art thou ? 3 ft er ? Is
he? (Sinb wit ? Are we ? ;2etb itjr ? Are you ? ©inb fte ? Are
they? — Sin id) ntd)t ? Am I not? SBtft bu nidjt ? Art thou
not ? 3fr er ntdt ? Is he not ? (gtnb rotr nid)t ? Are we not ?
Seib tt)r nid)t ? Are you not ? Stub fte mdji ? Are they not ?
Imperfect Tense.
3d) war/ I was ; bu roar ft/ thou wast ; er wavf he was ; rotr
roaren, we were ; tfyt waret, you were ; fte roareit/ they were.
3d) roar ntd)t, 1 was not ; bu roarji ntd)t thou wast not ; er roar
nid)tf he was not ; ttor roaren md)t, we were not ; tfyr roarer
nid)i, you were not ; fte roaren nidit/ they were not. 2Bar tdi ?
Was I ? <Barft bu ? Wast thou ? 2Bar er ? W^as he ? SBaren
rotr ? Wrere we ? SSavet tt>r ? Were you ? SBaren fte ? Were
they ? — 2Bar id) ntd)t ? Was I not ? 3Sar(! bu ntcfet ? Wast
thou not? £Kkr er rud)t? Was he not? SSaren rotr nid)t ?
Were we not ? SSaret tyr ntd t ? Were you not ? ££aren fte
mdjt ? Were they not ?
Subjunctive Mood.
Present Tense*
34 fet/ I may be ; bu fetff, thou mayst be ; er fet/ he may
be ; ttrir feieri/ we may be ; il}r fetet/ you may be ; fte feien/ they
may be. 3d) fet tnd't/ I may not be ; bu feijt ntdjt/ thou
mayst not be ; er fet md)t, he may not be ; ttnr feien nid)t/ we
may not be ; tfyr fetet nid)w you may not be ; fte feien nityx,
they may not be.
The other forms of this tense, when used, are obtained
by placing the pronouns after the verb, as in the foregoing
examples.
b3
Imperfect Tense.
3d) mare,* I might be ; bu tvdreft, thou mightest be ; er
ware/ he might be ; xoxt rr-drert/ we might be ; tyt tr-dret, you
might be ; fie waun, they might be. 3d) rpare ntd)t, I might
not be ; bu rodreft md)t, thou mightest not be ; er ware nidjt,
he might not be ; trtr rodren nid)r, we might not be ; tyr rcdret
nid)t, you might not be ; fte wdren nid)t, they might not be,
SBdrc id)? Might I be? SSdteft bu? Mightest thou be ?
2£dre er ? Might he be ? £Baren nur ? Might we be ? 2£drct
it)v ? Might you be ? SSdren fte ? Might they be ? — ££are
id) nid)t ? Might I not be ? 2£drejt bu nidftt ? Mightest thou
not be ? 2£dre er nidjt ? Might he not be? aBdren trir md)t ?
Might we not be ? 2£dret tyt md)t ? Might you not be ?
fS&cen fte ntdbt ? Might they not be?
(Seienb, being; a,err>efen/ been.
Indicative Mood.
Present Tense.
3d) t)abe,t I have ; bu fyaji/ thou hast ; er fyaf/ he has; u;tr
rjaben, we have; tyt t)abet, you have; fte ^aben, they have,
3d) tjabe nid)t, I have not ; bu t)afr nid)r, thou hast not ; er t)a£
nid)t, he has not ; xoxx fyaben nidjt, we have not ; ityv f)abet
nid>t, you have not ; fte fyaben nid)t, they have not. $abe id) ?
Have I ? #aft bu ? Hast thou ? *g>at er ? Has he ? Spaben
xviv ? Have we ? £abet ibv ? Have you? 4paben fte? Have
* The German \v has the same sound and power as the English v,
in the words vine, vote, &c. ; and the German t) is pronounced like
the English /in father, feather, fifty, &c, while two dots over a> 0/
U/ in German words, convert these vowels into a, 6/ U, the first of
which is pronounced like the English a, in fate, &c, with a long or
short quantity, according to the general rule already given. The
second, like eu, in the Erench words feu, peu, &c. and the last, like
the French w, in the words vertu, bossu, &c.
f The German t) has three different powers. At the begining of
words it is aspirated rather more than in the English words house,
home, horse, &c. ; in the middle, and at the end of words, it serves
merely to lengthen the vowel which precedes it, whilst in compound
words it retains its aspiration.
they ?— v£abe id) ntcfyt ? Have I not? £aft bit ntd)t ? Hast
thou not ? $ctt er ntd)t ? Has he not ? Jpctbert wit ntd)t ? Have
we not ? £abet i(;r ntd)t ? Have you not ? apaben fie md)t ?
Have they not?
Imperfect Tense.
3d) fyatte/ I had ; bu tyatteji) thou hadst ; er fyatte, he had '
ttnr fatten/ we had ; tt)r t)attetf you had ; fte fatten, they had.
3d) fyatte nid)t/ I had not ; bu ^attefc ntd)t/ thou hadst not ; er
fjatte ntd)t, he had not ; tr-tr fatten ntd)t/ we had not ; tfyr fatter
md)t, you had not ; fte fatten nidjf, they had not. |>atte tcb ?
Had I ? £attefr bu ? Hadst thou ? £atte er ? Had he ? %aU
ten ttnr ? Had we ? #attet ifyc ? Had you ? .patten fte ?
Had they ? — apatte id) nidjt ? Had I not? £atteft bu md)t ?
Hadst thou not ? $cttte er nid)t ? Had he not ? fatten voit
ntcrt ? Had we not ? $attet t£r nid)t ? Had you not ? .patten
fte ntcfet ? Had they not ?
Subjunctive Mood.
Present Tense*
3d) fyabt, I may have ; bu fyabejr, thou maysthave ; cr ^abtt
he may have ; irtr fcaben/ we may have ; if)r fyabet/ you mav
have ; fte fyaben, they may have. 3d) fyabe md)t, I may not
have ; bu fyabeft nicbt/ thou mayst not have ; er fyabz nid)t, he
may not have ; ttur i)abm nui-t, we may not have ; tfjr fyabet
ntd)t/ you may not have ; fte fyaben nid)t# they may not have.
Imperfect Tense.
3d) §atte/ I might have ; bu tjattefr, thou mightest have ;
er §&tte/ he might have ; ttrir fatten, we might have ; ibr
t)dttef/ you might have ; fte fatten/ they might have. 3d)
t)dtre md)t, &c. ; ^dtte id) ? &c. ; %attz id) nid)t ? &c, all to be
written out at full length, and committed to memory.
Conversational Exercise,
Illustrative of the Use and Construction of German Personal, Posses-
sive} Demonstrative, Interrogative, and Indefinite Pronouris, &c.
3d) bin ntdfjt ta gewefen.
/ am not there been*
I have not been there.
S3in id) nidjt ba geroefen ?
^m / wo/" £#ere 6 <?<??? ?
Have I not been there ?
3d) fyabe intt tfom ntdbt gefprod)en9
/ Aa^e with him not spoken.
1 have not spoken to him.
$abm jte tt)n gefetjen ?
Have they him seen ?
Have they seen him ?
3d) f)abe tfyn beute ntcfyt gefefyen.
J /mve A/m to-day not seen.
I have not seen him to-day.
(§r. t)at met)r alg gwanjtg* $)ferbe.
He has more than twenty horses.
©ic fyaben nfdjt mefyr a!S funfgefyn ^ferbe.
They have not more than fifteen horses.
SBStr baben Mm spferbe mefyr.
We have no horses more.
We have no more horses.
(Ste l)at Me erfyabenfte, anftanbtgfie unb fceufceibenjie $aU
She has the most dig nified^most decent, andmost modest car-
tung/ mld)e ein grauenjtmmer fyaben fann.
r/a#e which a woman have can.
She has the most dig-nitied, decent, and modest carriage
that a woman can have.f
* In German, % is pronounced like ts at the end of English words,
as in rights, flights, &c.
t The general rule for the formation of the comparative and su-
perlative degrees of German adjectives is this :— The comparative is
9
©eben <£te eg ratr.
Give you it to me.
Give it to rce.
<gte fyaben eg mir nidjt gegeben.
You have it to me not given.
You have not given it to me.
@etne (Scfcroefier tft junger cti§ er.
His sister is younger than he.
<&& tjl gegen t§n etngenommen.
She is against him prejudiced.
She is prejudiced against him.
Sinb ©ie gegen micf) etngenommen ?
Are you against me prejudiced ?
Are you prejudiced against me ?
SBtr t)aben fd)on trei SBriefe Don tfym er^atten.
^Fe have already three letters from him received.
We have already received three letters from him.
Sftetne S3afe tft frutjer ba angefommen alg er.
ilfz/ cousin is earlier there arrived than he.
My cousin arrived there earlier than he did.
£aben (§te tbm metnen SSrtef ubergeben ?
Have you to him my letter overgiven ?
Have you delivered my letter to him ?
S£o tft er ? 3* fr*be if)n md)t gefer>en.
Vihere is he ? I have him not seen.
Where is he ? I have not seen him.
93?etne ©dwefter tft jefct mit tfym fefyr gtifrtefcen.
il/y sisfer £s wow m?z£/& 7z/?/z «?er^ happy.
My sister is very happy with him now.
formed by adding xf or er/ to the adjective in its positive state, and
changing the vowels at 0/ and U/ into d 6/ it 5 and the superlative
degree is formed by adding ft/ or eft/ to the comparative. It is, more-
over, to be observed, that when the definite article precedes the ad-
jective, as in the above sentence, an e is added to the saicl termina-
tions, in the nominative case singular and plural of all genders ; zx\,
in the genitive and dative cases singular and plural, and e in the accu-
sative plural.
10
£a tfl er.
There is he.
There he is.
©a gefyr er oorbet/ feben ^ie it)n ntcbt ?
There goes he past {by), see you him not?
There he is going by, do you not see him ?
©efyen ete ifyn ? 5ft er es? (5r tft eg ntcfet.
#ee you him ? Is he it ? He is it not.
Do you see him ? Is it he ? It is not he.
(Seine Gutter furfrt tftr. auf.
i7fs mother seeks him up.
His mother is seeking him.
.pat fie Sfynen *>on ifym gefagt ?
Has she to you of him said ?
Has she spoken to you about him ?
Qx bat eg mtr gefagt. 1 He told it to me.
He has it to me said. J He told me so.
©te bjaben ftd) rerrecbner.
jTow 7?<zre yourself mis-reckoned.
You have made a mistake in your reckoning.
3cun bin id) bereft ab$uget)en.
iVow a??z / ready away to go.
Now I am ready to go.
(Sr tft ramgjhfif §et)n Sato alter al§ fetn better.
He is at least ten years older than his cousin.
$aben ©ie tbnen ton mtr Qtfatf ?
//"at? 6? ^om fo them of me said ?
Have you spoken to them about me ?
©te t)at eg bunt tfcn §u imffen befommen.
She has it through him to know got.
She has got to know it through him.
3d) bin fceure bd ifom geirefen.
/ am to-day by him been.
I have been at his house to-dav.
11
SBSir fyabtn ibr baoon abgeratfcen.
JFe 7z£zz;e /?er therefrom dissuaded*
We have dissuaded her from it.
£abcn fie fid) oerrecfynet ?
Have they themselves mis-reclconed ?
Have they made a mistake in their reckoning ?
£aben Sie fid- man oerredmet?
Have you yourself not mis-reclconed?
Have you not made a mistake in your account ?
£aben fie S^nen bason Qefagt ?
Have they to you therefrom said ?
Have they spoken to you about it ?
<gr {ft je^r bet ifynen.
He is yet {now) by them*
He is now with them (at their house).
©te feibji tabert e§ mir gefagt.
772ez/ themselves have it to me said.
They told me so themselves.
SOfteine £Bafe bat i^ren Sfftng unb tbren gddier settoren.
Mz/ cousin has her ring and her fan lost.
My cousin has lost her ring and her fan.
$abtn Ste ue tl)m gurutfgegeben ?
Have you them to him hack given ?
Have you returned them to him ?
<Sie t)abcn t§r £au3, ityce SE3tefe# unb tfyre ^3ferbe
77ze?/ Aare their house, their meadow, and their horses
Derfauft.
sold.
They have sold their house, their meadow, and their
horses.
<Ste fjat tfyre ^tfule aufgege&en.
iSTze has her school up-given.
She has given up her school.
By the foregoing examples, the student will perceive that
the verb, in interrogative sentences, precedes its subject or
12
nominative case, and that the attributive is put in the third
place ; that adjectives and posessive pronouns precede in
German, as in English, the substantive which they qualify,
whilst other determining words precede the adjective in like
manner : that, with verbs in the infinitive mood, the deter-
mining particles, &c. precede ; but, with finite verbs, they
follow them; and that when there is a past participle, it is
placed at the end of the sentence.
It is a general rule of German construction, that all the
cases governed by the verb are put after it, in the simple
tenses, and between the auxiliary and the participle in the
compound tenses.
When a dative and an accusative case follow the verb,
the dative usually precedes the accusative, although good
writers and speakers are, in general, guided by the degree
of energy they wish to give to a word, placing it at the end
of the sentence that it may be the better observed.
When one of the two cases is a personal pronoun, it is
usually placed immediately after the verb ; and when both
the cases are personal pronouns, the accusative generally
precedes the dative case, except for the sake of emphasis or
greater energy, as before observed.
The principal case of the verb is followed by the prepo-
sition and the substantives it governs.
The circumstances of time and place precede the principal
case of the verb, except when the case of the verb is a
personal pronoun ; and then the latter is placed immediately
after it.
The German i, as we have seen, is pronounced like double
€ in English, and V) has the same sound.
The vowel o, when long, answers to the English, French
Italian, Spanish, and Dutch o, in the words robe, zone, porno,
hombre, and open ; but, when short, it is like o, in the words
hot, pomme, oggi, odor, &c.
The German u, when long, has the sound of the English
oo, in Waterloo, as before observed ; of the French ou, in
13
poule, route, &c. ; of the Italian u* in pure, oscuro, &c. ;
and of the Spanish w, in robusto, &c.
The student may now learn the present and imperfect
tenses of the indicative mood of the verbs rootlen, to will^
or be willing ; and fd)lte{krt/ to shut, conclude, &c. ; and then
he may enter upon the study of short reading pieces in literal
interlinear translations.
Indicative Mood.
Present Tense.
3d) will, I will ; bu roillft/ thou wilt ; er rotll, he will ; wit
Bolton* we will ; it;r rootlet, you will ; fie rootlem they will.
3d) rotll nidjt, I will not ; bu roillji nidrt, thou wilt not ; et roill
nid)t, he will not ; rotr molten nici>t/ we will not ; tfyr rootlet mtf)t,
you will not ; fie rootten md)t, they will not. SSill id) ? Will I ?
fGSttt id) md)t ? Will I not ? and so on for the other persons,
which the student will write out at full length and commit
to memory.
Imperfect Tense.
3d) rootlte, I would, was willing, &c. ; bu roolltefr, thou
wouldst ; er rootlte, he would ; rotr roollten, we would ; tfyr roolltet,
you would ; fie roollteri/ they would. 3$ rootlte nid)t, 1 would
not ; rootlte id) ? Would I ? ©ottte id) md)t ? Would I not ? and
so on for the other persons, each of which should be written
out at full length and committed to memory, as before ob-
served, for an oral exercise.
Indicative Mood.
Present Tense.
3<3) fdjltege,* I shut, conclude, &c. ; bu fd)ltef?e]t/ thou, &c. ;
er fdjltejjr $ rotr fd)ltefen# ifjr fdhiteger, fie fdjltejkn. 3* (d)liepe ntd)t.
* @d) is pronounced like sh in English words.
c
14
&&)lk$z id) ? Do I, &c. ©djliejj eft tu ? @d)ltef t cr ? <£d)tie£en
mix} ©cfyltefjet U)r? (Sd)tie£en fte ? — ©djltege id) ntdjt ? Do I not,
&c. (gdjltejs eft bn ntd.t ? ©d)lteft er ntdjt ? ^d)liefen nrir ntd&t ?
©cMtefiet it)r nid)t ? ^d)ltej$en fte ntdbt ?
Imperfect Tense.
3d) f&tog; I concluded ; bu fdjlofieft/ er fd)lojj/ nrir fdjtoffen,
ifyr fd)loffct/ fte fd)toffcn. 3d) fcfrlofj md)t, I did not conclude.
©cfclojnd)? Didlconclude? (Scbtog id) nid)t? Did I not conclude?
The student should write and read this tense in all its forms
at full length, as directed before.
THE FRENCH SCHOOL MASTER.
(gin (gcfculmetfter in spartS trotlte beweifen, ba$ er tie
A schoolmaster in Paris would prove that he the
fd)5nfte §)erfcn auf tern (Srbboben fei. (gr fdjlofj
handsomest person upon the earth be. He {concluded
alfo : (Suropa ift ber fd)6nfte Styeil ber SBelt, granfreid) ift
/^ws : Europe is the finest part of the world, France is
ba§ fd)6nfre 2anb in (guropar ?>arfe ift tie fd}6nfte Btabt in
^e finest country in Europe, Paris is the finest city in
granfreidv tie Unioerfitat ift ba£ fcbonfte £luartiet in spartS/ mein
France, the university is the finest quarter in Paris, my
Simmer ift baS fcfconfie in ber Unicerjttat/ id) bin ba$
room is the handsomest in the university, I am the
(&d]6nfte in meinem Simmer, ergo, bin id) ber fcfconfte
handsomest in my room, therefore am I the handsomest
SDtenfd) in ber SEelt.
man in the world.
THE CYNOSURES.
£er £%l, an beffen guj? id) mid) befanb/ trar ber ^u^ei
T7*e hill at whose foot I myself found, was the hill
15
ber J£aftell§ won Sparta/ roeil ber ^djauplag fid)
of the castle {citadel) of Sparta, because the theatre itself
an ba$ Rafted anlefjnte $ ta§ Ueberbteibfel/ raelcfceS id) faty'
at the citadel leaned against ; the ruin which I saw>
irar ber Sempel ber SDltneroa 6tyol£i5fo§* raeil btefer in
was the temple of the Minerva Chalcicecos, because this in
bem vKajtett war ; tie Srummer unb tie langc Matter/ bte ten
the citadel was; the ruins and the long wall which I
wetter unten gemafyr wurbe/ gefyorten gu bem (Stamme ber
further down perceived, belonged to the tribe of the
Jtpnofuren, treil btefer (gtamm tm* nSrbMen Sfyetie ber
Cynosures, because this tribe in the northern part of the
©fabt war. 3^3 fyatre at[o Sparta ror mtr.
city was. I had therefore Sparta before me*
Free Translation.
The hill, at the foot of which I found myself, was the
hill of the citadel of Sparta, since the theatre was built
against the citadel. The ruin which I saw wTas the temple
of Minerva Chalciaecos, because this was in the citadel:
the ruins, and the long wall which I perceived lower down,
formed a part of the tribe of the Cynosures, since this tribe
inhabited the northern part of the city. Sparta, therefore,
was before me.
The student may now learn the simple tenses of the verb
werben/ to become, to be, &c, preparatory to his proceeding
to the formation of the future and conditional tenses of all
German verbs : —
* Contraction makes one syllable of the definite article and a pre-
position .^as, am/ ans, oor$/ hoxm, aufS/ burets furs, tm, ing# com/
uberm, fibers, unterm, mtberS, $um, and gur— for: an bem/ an
ba§, ttor ba$, oor bem, auf t>a$f buret) ba$, fur baS/ in bem/ in bag/
sen bem/ uber t>emf uber ba$f unter bem/ wtber ba$, gu bem/ and gu
ber.
16
Indicative Mood.
Present Tense.
3d) roerbe/ I become ; bu nrirfr, thou becomest ; er xvixbt he
becomes; nrir toerben, we become; xt?r roerbet, you become;
fie rcerberi/ they become. 3d) roerbe md)t, I do not become.
SBerbe id) ? Do I become ? — SBerbe td) rridbt ? Do I not become ?
The student should write out each form of this tense at
full length, as he was directed to do in learning the pre-
ceding verbs, and then commit them faithfully to memory.
Imperfect Tense.
3* nmrbe, I became ; bu ttmrbeft/ er ttnirbe/ rott rourben, it)r
nmrbet, fie ttmrberr. 3d) rcurbe nicfyt. £Sutbe td)? SSurbe i%
md)t ? To be dealt with by the student as before directed.
Subjunctive Mood.
Present Tense.
3d) rcerbe/ bu roerbeft, er roerbe, ttrir roerben, tt)r roerbet, fie
srerben, I may, thou mayst, &c, become.
Imperfect Tense.
3d) rrmvbe, bu wjurbeft/ er n>ftrbe# tt>k rourben/ it)r trurbet, fte
tt?urbert, I might, &c, become. All to be written out, in
each of the four forms, at full length, and committed to
memory, in the same manner as the different forms and
tenses of the verbs given before the student entered upon
the reading pieces.
Now, returning to the analysis of the alphabet, et and e$
are pronounced by the inhabitants of the south of Germany
et, or, as the English would pronounce ae\ or a and e closely
connected in two syllables ; but in the north they pronounce
these diphthongs as the English pronounce i in wine, vine,
nine, &c.
17
As a general rule for the pronunciation of the diphthongs
ax, ax)t auf tit el) and eu, it may he observed in general, that
they have the sound of the English i in wire, mire, attire,
&c. ; of the French ay in ayeul ; the Italian ai in aio ; the
Spanish ai in Caiego, the name of a mountain ; the Dutch
ai in hair (hair).
The diphthong au is pronounced nearly like ow in cow,
and exactly as an is sounded in the Italian words aura,
paura, causa, &c.
The diphthong oi, which, in German, occurs only in a
few proper names, is pronounced like oi in the English word
boil. The French have no such sound in their language.
The Italians have it in Zoilo, and the Spaniards in hoi or
hoy (to-day).
There is no equivalent in the English language for the
German diphthong ui but oo, ee, as these double vowels
are heard when pronounced closely connected in two syl-
lables. The French approach this sound, in some degree,
in their affirmative adverb oui, yes. The Spaniards have
it in their pronoun cuiyo ; and the Italians, in their cui.
The yott, or \, when considered as a consonant, is pro-
nounced like y in the words yonder, yore, year, you, &c.
Particular Remarks on the Vowels.
The double vowels aar ut 00/ forming one syllable, as well
as at)/ el)/ tl> ol)/ uf)/ and ie/ merely show that the syllable is
long.
23aai'/ ready money ; SSaarS, perch (a fish); $Raa$, pot,
measure; 2oo6/ lot, fate; loofen/ to draw lots; ©d)oofj/lap;
sBlaaU monument, &c, are now written with one vowel,
thus :— SBav, $8at$f 9XaS/ £o3/ tofem (£a)o£, QHat.
The double vowel forms two syllables in SSaal and its
derivatives, and in words in which the particle ge or be is
followed by a vowel.
c 3
18
it is a monosyllable in $nte, knee, in the singular number;
and a dissyllable in the plural — $me, knees. This combi-
nation is likewise a monosyllable in words of foreign origin,
in which the i receives the tonic accent, and forms one
syllable with t, as in harmonic/ harmony ; SJMobte, melody ;
-poefte/ poetry, &c. But it makes two syllables in %i\t, air,
song, tune ; %\ier\, Asia ; gamilie, family, &c.
The combination ee (ee) is a monosyllable in (See/ lake,
sea ; TUttmt, army ; and a dissyllable in the plural number
of these words.
With regard to the single e, the student should bear in
mind that this vowel is sometimes close, or shut, and some-
times open. It is close in the first syllable of the words
geroefeit/ btabi&n, lieben/ fyebem &c. ; and in words of two
syllables, the first of which alone has an e in it : as, iemanb/
etrvaS, £>emurt), &c. It is open in the monosyllables fern/
(Stern, er/ bet, rcer, bem, tpent/ ben/ roen$ in the first syllable
of beten, geben, geber, &c. St) is long, and pronounced nearly
like a in fate.
tt £>/ and it are more used than %e, £>/ and Ue $ and the
first of these softened vowels is pronounced like the German
6/ with a long or short quantity, according to the general
rule given in a preceding note. The 6 is long in @tor?
sturgeon ; iobtltd), mortal ; StbniQ/ king ; Zbtvef lion ; SKobre,
pipe, &c; and short in ^Sorter/ words; ©t6rd)e/ storks;
gottltd)/ godly, divine ; Golfer, people, nations, &c. U/ or &,
is pronounced like ue in the French words rue, vue, due?
&c. It is long in fiber/ upon ; fufyren, to lead, conduct ;
fu^len/ to feel ; glutfltd)/ lucky, successful ; entjutfenb/ charmed,
delighted ; gluffe/ rivers ; ©prucfe, sentences, &c.
As a general rule, the combinations ae, oef ei/ and uw are
pronounced as two syllables in words not of German origin,
as : — ^erometrie, aerometry ; $pfyaeton< phaeton ; ^oet/ poet ;
2£ti)etjl/ Atheist ; Sefuittgm/ Jesuitism, &c.
The consonants 2?/ £>, g, £, £, ®l, %t, ty, yfy m, &$>/ and
Zf have the same powers as in English wrords. All the
19
other letters of the alphabet having been already noticed,
the student has now sufficient instruction to enable him to
pronounce German with tolerable accuracy,
CHAPTER II.
CONJUGATION OF THE
IN EVERY FORM IN
OCCUR.
AUXILIARY VERBS,
WHICH THEY CAN
jtonnen, can.
Present Tense..
Affirmatively,
3co fann, I can
X>u fannfi/ thou canst
(5r fa nil/ he can
©ie !ann/ she can
(5S !ann/ it can
SBtr fonnen, we can
3fyr lonnet, you can
©ie fonnen/ they can.
Interrogatively.
&ann i<i) ? Can I ?
.ftannft bu ? Canst thou ?
£ann er ? Can he ?
ilann fte ? Can she ?
£ann eg? Can it?
jlonnen ictrr Can we ?
bonnet inr ? Can you ?
fonnen fie ? Can they ?
N egativeiy ,
3d) fann ntd)t, I cannot
£u fannjt nid)t/ thou canst not
(Sr fann mdjt/ he cannot
Bit fann nid)r, she cannot
(£$ fann nid)t/ it cannot
2Btr fonnen nidbt, we cannot
3br fonnet ntdit/ you cannot
@te fonnen ntd)t, they cannot.
Interrogatively and Negatively,
•ivann id) nid)t ? Can I not r
£annft ou nid)t ? Canst thou
not?
£ann er md)t ? Can he not ?
dtann fte nid^t ? Can she not?
£ann eg ntd)t ? Can it not ?
£6nnen tutr ntdit ? Can we not ?
bonnet tyz merit ? Can you not ?
fonnen fte ntc^t ? Can they
not?
20
Imperfect Tense.
Affirmatively.
3d) fonnte/ I could
2)u fonntejt/ thou couldst
(£r fonnte^ he could
<25ie fonnte/ she could
@g fonnte^ it could
SGSir fonnten/ we could
3fyr fonntet, you could
@tc fonnten, they could.
Interrogatively,
fonnte ic^ ? Could I ?
£onntejt bu ? Couldst thou ?
fonnte er ? Could he ?
fonnte fie ? Could she ?
fonnte eS ? Could it ?
Jtonnten xoit ? Could we ?
fonntet itjc ? Could you ?
fonnten fie ? Could they ?
Negatively.
3d) fonnte nicl)t, I could not
2)u fonntefl nid)t, thou couldst
not
(gr fonnte nidjt/ he could not
©ie fonnte ntdjt, she could not
(§§ fonnte ntd^t/ it could not
2Btr fonnten nid)t/ we could
not
Sfyr f onntet md)t/ you could not
<Ste fonnten nicfyt/ they could
not.
Interrogatively and Negatively,
fonnte id) md)t ? Could I not ?
ivonnteft bu ntd)t? Couldst
thou not ?
fonnte er md)t ? Could he not ?
fonnte fte ntd)t ? Could she
not?
fonnte eg nic^t ? Could it not ?
fonnten nrir ntd)t ? Could we
not?
fonntet tyx ntd)t ? Could you
not?
fonnten fte md)t ? Could they
not?
fJRogen, may.
Present Tense.
Affirmatively . Negatively.
3d) mag, I may 3* ma% nid)t, I may not
£)u ma<$/ thou mayst 2)u magft nid)t/ thou mayst not
21
Qi mag/ he may
©te mag/ she may
6§ mag/ it may
SBtr mogen/ we may
3t)r moget/ you may
©ie mogen/ they may.
Interrogatively.
3Kag id^ ? May I ?
sfltagjl ou ? Mayst thou ?
5Kag ei* ? May he ?
Sftag fte ? May she ?
5CRog eS ? May it ?
fDlfigen ioic ? May we ?
SJtoget ti>r ? May you ?
SDRogen fte ? May they ?
(St mag ntcfct/ he may not
©te mag ntd)t, she may not
(§§ mag ntd)t, it may not
2Bir mogen ntdjt/ we may not
Sfyr moger nid)t# you may not
©te mogen md)t, they may
not.
Interrogatively and Negatively.
3J?ag t<^ ntcfct ? May I not ?
SJtoaJt bu ntdjt ? Mayst thou
not?
!Blag er ntdbt ? May he not ?
COcag fte nid)t ? May she
not?
*Dtag eS nicfyt ? May it not ?
SOIogen urir md)t ? May we
not?
SOloget ti>r nid)t ? May you
not?
Sftfigen fte md)t? May they
not?
Imperfect Tense.
Affirmatively.
3d) m6d)tc/ I might
£)u mocfyteft/ thou mightst
<£r mod)te/ he might
©ie mod)te, she might
<5s mod)tc/ it might
2Bir mocfytem we might
3t)r mod)tet/ you might
©ie m5d}ten, they might.
Negatively.
3c!) modjte md)t/ I might not
£)u modjtejl nid)t/ thou might-
est not
dt mod)te md)t/ he might not
@ie mod)te ntd)t, she might not
(££ mod)te ntd)t/ it might not
2Btr mod)ten ntcbt/ we might
not
3fyc mod)tetntd)t/you might not
©te molten ni<ft/ they might
not.
22
Interrogatively.
SDfl6d>tc id) ? Might I ?
SK6d)tcjl bu ? Mightst thou ?
€)JZ6cbte er? Might he ?
2!Xod)te fte ? Might she ?
93?6d)te e$ ? Might it ?
SER6d)ten ttrir ? Might we ?
3Bl6d)tei tt)c ? might you ?
3X6d):en fte ? Might they ?
Interrogatively and Negatively.
?D?6rf)te id) nid)t ? Might I not ?
9DWd)tefl bu nid)t? Mightst
thou not ?
9X6d)te er. ni*t ? Might he
not?
9R6d)te fie md)t ? Might she
not ?
?0?6d)te e$ nid^t ? Might it not ?
S$6d)ten nrir nid)t ? Might we
not?
SK5d)tet i$r md)t ? Might you
not?
9Jl5d)ten fte nid)t ? Might they
not ?
©oil en/ shall.
Present Tense.
Affirmatively.
3d) foil, I shall
£)u fottft, thou shalt
@r foil/ he shall
©te foil/ she shall
SS foil/ it shall
2£tr follen/ we shall
3*)t follet, you shall
©te follen/ they shall.
Interrogatively,
©oil id) ? Shall I ?
©ollji bu ? Shalt thou ?
©oil er ? Shall he ?
Negatively.
3d) foil nid)t, I shall not
§)u follft ntcfct, thou shalt not
(Sr foil md)t/ he shall not
©te foil nid)t, she shall not
@S foil ntd)t/ it shall not
sJStr follen ntdjt/ we shall not
3f)r follet nid)t, you shall not
©te follen md)t, they shall not.
Interrogatively and Negatively,
©oil id) nid)t ? Shall I not ?
©ottjt bu nid)t? Shalt thou
not?
©oil ev ntd)t ? Shall he not ?
23
©oil fie ? Shall she ?
(Soil eg ? Shall it ?
©ollen roir ? Shall we ?
©ollettr,r? Shall you?
Pollen fte ? Shall they ?
(Soil fie nidjt ? Shall she not ?
©oil eg mrf)t ? Shall it not ?
©ollen »tr md)t ? Shall we
not?
©oiletiljr nidjt? Shall you not?
©ollen fte nidjt ? Shall they not?
Imperfect Tense.
Affirmatively.
3d) follte, I should
£)u follte ft, thou shouldst
(gr follte, he should
©te follte/ she should
(53 follte/ it should
SBtr folltcn/ we should
31)* folltet/ you should
©ie follten, they should.
Interrogatively,
©ollte id)? Should I?
©ollteft bu ? Shouldst thou ?
©ollte er ? Should he ?
©ollte fie ? Should she ?
©ollte e§ ? Should it ?
©ollten xoxt ? Should we ?
©olltet fyr ? Should you ?
©ollten fie ? Should they ?
Negatively.
3d) follte md)t/ I should not
£)u follteft ntctit/ thou shouldst
not
<5r follte nidjt, he should not
©ie follte nidjt, she should not
<S§ follte nidjt, it should not
2£tr follten nid)t/ we should not
3$r folltet nid)t/ you should not
©ie follten ntdijt, they should
not.
Interrogatively and Negatively,
©ollte id) nid)t ? Should I not ?
©ollteft bu nid)t? Shouldst
thou not ?
©ollte er nidjt ? Should he
not?
©ollte fte nidjt ? Should she
not?
©ollte eg nidjt ? Should it not ?
©ollten xoxi ntd&t ? Should we
not?
©olltet itjr nidjt ? Should you
not?
©ollten fie md)t ? Should they
not?
24
SSBollen, will.
Present
Tense.
Affirmatively.
Negatively.
3d) »ill* I will
3d) Will nici)t, I will not
2)u ttullft/ thou wilt
2)u willft nid)t/ thou wilt not
(gr will/ he will
Qx will ntd)t/ he will not
@ie will/ she will
©ie Will nid)t/ she will not
@S will/ it will
6$ will mdfct/ it will not
2Bir wollen/ we will
3Btr wollen ntd)t, we will not
3§t rootlet/ you will
3$c wollet nid)t, you will not
©te wollen/ they will.
©te wollen nid)t, they will not.
Interrogatively.
Interrogatively and Negatively.
SBill id) ? Will I ?
SBill id) nid}t ? Will I not ?
SBtllft bu ? Wilt thou ?
SBillfi bu nid)t ? Wilt thou not ?
SBill er ? Will he ?
2Sill.er ntdtf ? Will he not ?
SBill fie ? Will she ?
SBill fte md)t ? Will she not ?
SBill e$ ? Will it ?
SBill eg md)t ? Will it not ?
Pollen ttrir ? Will we ?
SBollen wir ntcbt? Will we
not?
SBollet ir.r ? Will you ?
SBollet tyr nid)t ? Will you
not?
Pollen fte ? Will they ?
Pollen fte md)t ? Will they
not?
Imperfect Tense.
Affirmatively.
Negatively.
3d) wollte/ I would
3d) wollte nid)t, I would not
jDu trollteji/ thou wouldst
£)u wolltefi nicbt/ thou wouldst
(Sr wollte/ he would
<Ste wollte/ she would
(gg wollte/ it would
SBir wollten; we would
3t)r wolltet/ you would
©ie wollteti; they would.
not
@r wollte ntd)t/ he would not
©ie wollte ntcftt/ she would not
@§ wollte nidht/ it would not
SBir wotlten ntd)t, we would not
3l)t wolltet nicH/ you would not
<Sie wollten md)t, they would
not.
25
Interrogatively.
SBollte id) ? Would I ?
fffiolltcjl bu ? Wouldst thou ?
SBBolite er ? Would he ?
SSSoUte jtc ? Would she ?
SBotlte eg ? Would it ?
SSBollten ttrir ? Would we ?
SEolltet tyr ? Would you ?
fOSolltcn fte ? Would they ?
Interrogatively and Negatively.
SEBoUtc id) nidjt ? WTould I not ?
SQSoUteji bu nid)t ? Wouldst
thou not ?
SBSotlte er nid)t? WTould he
not?
SBSollte fie md)t ? Would she
not ?
SffioUte eS ntcfct ? Would it
not ?
SSoliten ttrir nidjt ? WTould we
not?
SBolltet tfcr nidjt ? Would you
not?
SBSollten fte nidjt ? Would they
not?
2Berben, to become, shall or will, &c.
Present Tense.
Negatively.
3d) trerbe md)t/ I shall, or will
not
£u ttrir ji/ thou shalt, or wilt £)u ttrir jt nidjt/ thou shalt, or
wilt not
(£r toirb md)t/ he shall, or will
not
©te ttrirb ntdht, she shall, or
will not
(§§ ttrirb nid)t/ it shall, or will
not
SGStr roerben/ we shall, or will SBMr ir-erben ntcfyt/ we shall, or
will not
3fyr rcerbet/ you shall, or will 3fyr rcerbet nid)t/ you shall, or
will not
D
Affirmatively.
3d) werbc/ I shall, or will
(gr toirb/ he shall, or will
©ie ttrirb/ she shall/ or will
@£ nrirb/ it shall, or will
26
?ie tuciben/ they shall, or ©ie meuben nid)t, they shall,
will. or will not.
Interrogatively and Negatively.
2£erbc id) md)t ? Shall, or will I not ?
Shalt, or wilt thou net ?
Shall, or will he not ?
Shall, or will she not ?
Shall, or will it not ?
SBSerben rotr ntdjjt ? Shall, or will we not ?
SBerbet ifyr ntd)t ? Shall, or will you not ?
SBSerben fte md)t ? Shall, or will they not?
SSirfr bu nid)t ?
SSirb er md)t ?
SBirb fte ntd)t ?
SBtrb e3 nidbt ?
Subjunctive Mood.
Imperfect Tense.
Affirmatively. Negatively.
3a> wui'be/ I should, or would 3d) wurbe nid)t; I should, or
would not
£u rourbeft/ thou shouldst, or ^ureurbeftnidit, thou shouldst,
wouldst or wouldst not
(Si* murbe/ he should, or would (5r rcurbe nidbt; he should, or
would not
^Sie rc&rbe/ she should, or <Ste rourbe nid)t; she should,
would or would not
(£€ rourbe; it should, or would (gg nmtbe md)t; it should, or
would not
2Btr ruueben/ we should, or SQStr nmrben nidbt/ we should,
would or would not
3i)t nourbet/ you should, or S^ wurbct nid)t; you should,
would or would not
sste nnuben, they should, or <Sie rourben nid)t; they should,
would. or would not.
Interrogatively. Interrogatively and Negatively.
SRfir.be.iA ? Should, or would SBurbe id) nidbt? Should, or
I ? would I not ?
27
"SSurbejr bu? Shouldst, or
wouldst thou ?
SGSurbe er ? Should, or would
he?
££urbe fie ? Should, or would
she?
SBfirbe eS ? Should, or would
it?
Sffiurben trie? Should, or
would we ?
gBurbet it)r ? Should, or would
you ?
SBurben fie ? Should, or
would they ?
Sffifirbeft bu nidjt ? Should, or
wouldst thou not ?
SOSurbe er nidst ? Should, or
would he not ?
2£utbe jte nicht ? Should, or
would she not ?
SBSurbe eg ntdbt ? Should, or
would it not ?
SBurben rotr md)t ? Should, or
would we not ?
SGSurbet ijr niefct ? Should, or
would you not ?
SSurben fie nid)t ? Should, or
would they not ?
The Auxiliary and Active Verb QabPXl, to have.
Indicative Mood.
Present Tense.
Affirmatively.
3d) fyaUt I have
£u fyaft/ thou hast
<5r fyat, he has
©ie fyat, she has
2Bir fyabeii/ we have
3fyr ^abztt you have
@ie £)aben, they have.
Interrogatively.
%abt id) ? Have I ?
£afx b\x} Hast thou ?
$at er ? Has he?
£at ftc ? Has she ?
*&aben rotr ? Have we ?
Negatively.
3d) fabe nid)t, I have not
£)u fyaft rrid)ti thou hast not
(§r fyat nid)t/ he has not
(Ste fyat md)t/ she has not
2Bir fyaben nid)t/ we have not
StyE fya&et nid)t/ you have not
©te fyaben nid)t/ they have note
Interrogatively and Negatively,
£abe id) nid)t ? Have I not ?
4?a# bu nid)t ? Hast thou not ?
Jgat er nid)t ? Has he not ?
Jg>at fie ntd)t? Has she not ?
^aben uur nidn? Have we
not?
28
£abet tyt ? Have you ?
£abcn fte ? Have thev ?
£abet tfyv. nid)t ? Have you
not?
£aben fte ntrf)t ? Have they
not?
Affirmatively.
34 $atte, I had
2)u "^atteft/ thou hadst
(§t tjatte/ he had
©te ^attc/ she had
SBit fatten/ we had
3§r l)attet, you had
@te fatten/ they had.
Imperfect Tense.
Negatively.
3d) tjatte nid)t/ I had not
2)u tjatteft md)t/ thou hadst
not
(5r tjatte ntdjt/ he had not
<Ste fyatte nidjt/ she had not
&Bir fatten md)t/ we had not
3^ fyattet ntd)t/ you had not
©ie fatten md)t, they had not.
Interrogatively.
£atte td) ? Had I ?
£aite# bu ? Hadst thou ?
4?atte er ? Had he ?
£atte fte ? Had she ?
fatten tt>tt ? Had we ?
$attet tyr ? Had you ?
fatten fte ? Had they ?
Interrogatively and Negatively.
£atte id) nidjt ? Had I not ?
£atteft bu md;t ? Hadst thou
not?
#atte er ntcfyt ? Had he not ?
£atte fte nid)t ? Had she not ?
fatten rotr mci)t ? Had we
not?
4?attet ifc nid)t ? Had you not r
fatten fte nidjt? Had they
not?
Future Tense.
Affirmatively.
34 trerte fyaberi/ I shall, or
will have
2)u urirft fyaben, thou shalt, or
wilt have
G£c mtrb fyabm, he shall, or
will have
Negatively.
3d) roerbe nid)t fyctben/ I shall,
or will not have
Sunrirft md)t fyaben, thou shall,
or wilt not have
(Sr. roirb titd)t fyaben, he shalL
or will not have
29
$Bir werben fyaben, we shall,
or will have
3fyc werbet fyaben, you shall,
or will have
©ie werben r/dbem they shall,
or will have.
Interrogatively.
28erbe id) fyaben? Shall, or
will I have ?
SBBtrft bu t)aben? Shalt, or wilt
thou have ?
£Birb er fyctbert ? Shall, or will
he have ?
£3erben xoxx. fyaben ? Shall, or
will we have ?
*2Berbet i£)r i;aben ? Shall, or
will you have ?
SBerben fee fyaben? Shall, or
will they have ?
SBStt tt?erbennic()t t)aben# we shall,
or will not have
3t)r rcerbet ntcfet tyabeti/ you
shall, or will not have.
Bie roerben md)t fyaben/ they
shall, or will not have.
Interrogatively and Negatively.
SJerbe id) nutt fyaben ? Shall,
or will I not have ?
SBStrft bu md)t ^aben ? Shalt,
or wilt thou not have ?
2Birb er nidjt r>aben? Shall,
or will he not have?
SSerben ttrit tud)t fyaben ? Shall,
or will we not have ?
SBerbet ityt nidbt fyaben? Shall,
or will you not have ?
Herbert fie ntcbt tyabm ? Shall,
or will they not have ?
Conditional Mood.
Present
Affirmatively.
3d) murbe ijaben/ I would, or
should have
iDutufirbeptjabeti/thouwouldst,
or shouldst have
<5r rourbe t)aben, he would, or
should have
2Btr tpurben fyaUxii we would,
or should have
3fyc rcurbet rjaben/ you would,
or should have
Sie rourben fyabzxx, they would?
or should have.
Tense.
Negatively.
3d) tourbe nidit t)aben/ I would,
or should not have
£>u ttmrbeft ntd)t fyaben/ thou
wouldst, or shouldst not
have
Sr xvixxbe ntdjt fyaben, he would,
or should not have
SBStr murben nid)t tyabeii/ we
would, or should not have
3§r rourbet nid)t bjaben, you
would, or should not have
<Ste ttmrben ntd)t tjaben/ they
would/ or should not have.
D 3
30
Interrogatively.
SBurbe id) fyaben ? Would, or
should I have ?
SBSrbejibu f)aben? Wouldst, or
shouldst thou have ?
SBurbe er fyaben ? Would, or
should he have ?
SBurben rotr fyaben ? Would,
or should we have ?
SBurbet ifyr Ijaben? Would, or
should you have?
SBurben fte fyaben ? Would, or
should they have ?
Interrogatively and Negatively.
SBurbe id) nid)t fyaben ? Would,
or should I not have ?
Sffiurbejr bu md)t fyabert ?
Wouldst, or shouldst thou
not have ?
SBurbe er ntd)t t)aben ? Would,
or should he not have ?
2Burbenttnrntd}t fyabert ? Would,
or should we not have ?
SBurbet tfyr ntd)tt)aben ? Would,
or should you not have ?
SBurben fie ntd)t fyaben ? Would,
or should they not have ?
Imperative Mood.
Affirmatively*
$qU (bu)/ have (thou)
$abz er/ let him have
$aUn roto let us have
£abt (tt)r)/ do you have
£aben [u, let them have.
Negatively.
%ake (bu) nid)t, do not have
£abe er mcfyr, do not let him
have
$aben ttrir nid)t/ do not let us
have
%aht tfyr nicrjt, do not have
Jgabcn fte md)t, do not let them
have.
Subjunctive Mood.
Present Tense.
Affirmatively. Negatively.
£)a£ id) r;abe/ that I have Dafj id) ntd)t r;abe/ that I have
not
£af bu 'gabeft? that thou have £)afj bu nid)t fyabejl, that thou
have not
>Dag er %aU, that he have Oaf er nid)t fyabe/ that he have
not
31
Dag ttric fyaben, that we have Dag nrir nidjt Ijaben, that we
have not
Dag tyr ^abet/ that you have Dag "ifjr ntc^t t)abet/ that you
have not
Dag fte Ijaben/ that they have. Dag fie nicJjt tjaben/ that they
have not.
Imperfect Tense.
Affirmatively . Negatively.
SBenn id) i)dtte, if I had ££enn id) nidjt fjdtte, if I had
not
2£enn tu t)dtte{l/ if thou hadst 2£enn bu nidjt tjdtteft, if thou
hadst not
SKenn er t)dtte/ if he had SSknn er nidjt fjatte/ if he had
not
££enn roir fatten, if we had Sffienn nnr nidjt fatten/ if we
had not
£8enn tfjr fedttet, if you had 2Benn tl)t nidjt tjdttet, if you
had not
28enn jte fatten/ if they had. SEcnn fte nidjt fatten/ if they
had not.
Compounded Form.
Present Tense.
Affirmatively. Negatively.
3d) $abz getjabt, I have had 3d) fyabe nidjt gefjabt, I have
not had
Du fjafr gcbabt/ thou hast had Du fyaft nidjt getjabt/ thou hast
not had
<Sr fyat geljabt/ he has had dt tyat nidjt gefjabt/ he has not
had
SSir fyaben gefjabt, we have had 2Bir fyaben nidjt gefjabt, we have
not had
3fyr ijabet Q&abtf you have had 3^c fyabet nidjt getjabt/ you have
not had
©te fyaben getjabt/ they have Sie tjaben nidjt getjabt/ they
had. have not had.
32
Interrogatively. Interrogatively and Negatively.
•£abe ify gefyabt ? Have I had ? Jgabe id) md)t getjabt ? Have I
not had ?
£aft \m getyabt? Hast thou *g>aft bu ntdjt gebabt? Hast
had ? thou not had ?
gat er getjabt ? Has he had ? Jfrat er nidjt gefyabt ? Has he
not had ?
#aben rmr ge^abt ? Have we «£>aben rrrir mcftt geljabt ? Have
had we not had ?
Sbabzt tt>u gefyabt? Have you $abet t§r nid)t ge^abt ? Have
had ? you not had ?
Soabzn fte gefyabt ? Have they £ctben fte ntcbt geqctbt ? Have
had ? they not had ?
Imperfect Tense.
Affirmatively. Negatively.
3d) fyatte gefyabr/ I had had 3$ fyatte nid)t ger>abt, I had
not had
Du tyatteft ge^abt/ thou hadst 2>u fyatteft n£d)t gefyabt, thou
had hadst not had
(5r battc ge^abf/ he had had (gr tjatte nicfyt gefyabt, he had
not had
2£tr fatten gebjabt, we had had Sffitr fatten ntd)t gefyabt/ we had
not had
3fjr ^attet gefyabt, you had had 3$t tjattet ntd)t getjabt, you had
not had
©tc fatten gefyabt, they had <2te fatten md)t getyabt/ they
had. had not had.
Interrogatively. Interrogatively and Negatively,
Sbaitt id) geljabt ? Had I had? £atte td) md)t gefyabt ? Had I
not had ?
£atteft bu gefjabt? Hadst £attejl bu ntd)t getjabt ? Hadst
thou had ? thou not had ?
£atte er get;abt ? Had he had ? $attt er ntd)t get)abt ? Had he
not had?
33
fatten ttit gefyabt ? Had we
had?
£attet tyt gefyabt ? Had you
had?
fatten fie gefyabt ? Had they
had?
fatten wit nid)t gebabt ? Had
we not had ?
Jgattet ityt inert Qthabt? Had
you not had ?
fatten fte ntd)t gefyabt? Had
thev not had ?
Future Tense,
Affirmatively.
3d) roei-be getjabt ^aberi/ I shall,
or will have had
£)u nrirfr gefyabt fyaben, thou
shalt, or wilt have had
@r tt)trb getyabt fyabeti/ he shall,
or will have had
3Btr roerben gefyabt fyaben, we
shall, or will have had
3^r roerbet gefyabt tjaben/ you
shall, or will have had
&& merben gefyabt fyaben, they
shall, or will have had.
Negatively,
3cb r&erbe ntd)t getjabt t;abeti/ I
shall, or will not have had
£u urirjt ntd)t gebabt fyaben,
thou shalt, or wilt not have
had
(ix with nicH gebabt fyabeii/ he
shall, or will not have had
3Btt irerben nid)t gefyabt fyaben/
we shall, or will not have
had
3fyr roerbet md)t gefyabt fyaben./
you shall, or will not
have had
@tc werben nidt getjabt fyaben/
they shall, or will not have
had.
Interrogatively.
SBerbe id) ge^abt fjaben ? Shall,
or will I have had ?
SBirft bu gefyabt fyaben ? Shalt,
or wilt thou have had ?
2Btrb er. gefyabt Ijaben ? Shall,
or will he have had ?
Interrogatively and Negatively.
3Betbe id) Hid): ge:abt fyaben ?
Shall, or will I not have
had?
gBtrji bit md)t gefyabt fyaben ?
Shalt, or wilt thou not
have had ?
$3tri> er ntdjt gebabc fyabenr
Shall, or will he not have
had?
34
SScrbcn ir>tv gc^abt t)abcn ? Shall,
or will we have had'
SBerbet u)r ge^abt rjaben ? Shall,
or will you have had ?
uSerben fie qetyabt fyaben? Shall,
or will they have had ?
SBecben tpir ntcfyt ge^abt ^aben ?
Shall, or will we not have
had?
SKSerbet ifyr md)t ge^abt fyaben ?
Shall, or will you not have
had?
Berben fte nid)t ge^abt fjaben ?
Shall, or will they not have
had?
Conditional Mood.
Past
Affirmatively.
3d) wurbegebabt babeii/I should,
or would have had
2)u vpurbef: gefyabt $aben# thou
shouldst, or wouldst have
had
Qt umrbe ge^abv fyaberw he
should, or would have had
SKr untrfcen gefyabt t)Qben/ we
should, or would have had
3£)t murbet gefyabt fyaberi/ you
should, or would have had
©te rourben ge^abt fyaben, they
should, or would have had.
Interrogatively.
SBfobe tcbgefyabt fyaben? Would,
or should I have had ?
Tense.
Negatively.
3d) n?urbe md)t geljabt fyaberi/ I
should, or would not have
had
£>u rourbeji nicftt getjabt t)aben;
thou shouldst, or wouldst
not have had
@r rofirbe ntcbt ge^abt ^aben, he
should, or would not have
had
2£tr rourben nidjt gcl;abt fyaberi/
we should, or would not
have had
Sfyr nmrbet nidjt gefyabt fyaben,
you should, or would not
have had
©ie rourben nicfyt $efyabt tyabeti/
they should, or would not
have had.
Interrogatively and Negatively.
SBfiube id) nidbt getjabt fyaben ?
Would, or should I not
have had ?
35
SQSfirbcffc bit qefyabt tyaben ?
Wouldst, or shouldst thou
have had ?
2£urbe er get;abt fyaben ? Would,
or should he have had ?
SBurben \v\t gefyctbt fyaben ?
Would, or should we have
had?
SBurbet tyv gebabt fyaben?
Would, or should you
have had ?
fBSurben fte gefectbt fyabtn ?
Would, or should they
have had ?
22urbejt bit nicfet ge^abt fyaben ?
Wouldst, or shouldst thou
not have had ?
SSurbe er ntcfyt gefyabt bjabea ?
Would, or should he not
have had ?
fSSurben ttrir md)t gefyabt fjaben ?
Would, or should we not
have had ?
2£utbet ibr nid)t getjabt fjaben ?
Would, or should you not
have had ?
2$urben fte nid)t Qtyabt fyaben ?
Would, or should they not
have had ?
Potential Mood.
Present Tense.
Affirmatively. Negatively.
3d) fann fyaben/ I can have 3$ fann nid)t fyaben, I cannot
have
Du fannft tjaberi/ thou canst £u fannft nid)t t)aben/ thou
have canst not have
G£r fann fyabeiv he can have (§r fann nidjt fyaben/ he cannot
have
§8$ir fonnen fyaben/ we can have SGStr fonnen nidbt fyaben/ we
cannot have
3*)t f6nnet fyaben, you can 3$r fonnet ntdjt tyaben/ you
have cannot have
@te fonnen fyctben/ they can (gtc fonnen nid)t fyabeti/ they
have. cannot have.
Interrogatively. Interrogatively and Negatively.
Mann i§ tyabzn ? Can I have ? Mann i§ nidjt fyaben ? Can I
not have ?
ftannft bu fyaben? Canst thou fannft bu ntcbt f)aben ? Canst
have ? thou not have ?
36
^ann er i)aben? Can he have?
$6rmen toil t)aben ? Can we
have ?
bonnet ity i)oben? Can you
have ?
£6nnen fte t)aben? Can they
have ?
£ann er nid)t fyaben ? Can he
not have ?
£6nnen ttrir ntd)t kabm? Can
we not have ?
bonnet it)r md)t tyaben? Can
you not have ?
£6nnen fte ntd)t fyaben ? Can
they not have ?
The Auxiliary and Neuter Verb (gjetn, to be.
Indicative Mood.
Present Tense.
Affirmatively.
3d) bin/ I am
£>u btji/ thou art
(St ift, he is
(Ste tfl/ she is
2Btt ftnb/ we are
3t)c fetb/ you are
©ie ftnb/ they are.
Interrogatively.
23in id) ? Am I ?
SBijl bu ? Art thou ?
3ft er ? Is he ?
3ft fte ? Is she ?
©tn& ttnr ? Are we ?
©etb 3^ ? Are you ?
©inb fte ? Are they ?
Negatively.
3d) bin nid)t/ I am not
SDu toft ntd)t/ thou art not
Gsr tjt ntd)t, he is not
©te tjt md)t/ she is not
2Btr ftnb ntdjt/ we are not
3*)r fetb md)t/ you are not
©te ftnb nid)t/ they are not.
Interrogatively and Negatively.
SBin id) ntd)t ? Am I not ?
SBtjl bu ntd)t? Art thou not?
3ft er md)t ? Is he not ?
3ft fte ntd)t ? Is she not ?
©tnb tt>ir mcbt ? Are we not ?
©cib i^r ntd)t? Are you not?
©tnb fte md)t? Are they not?
Affirmatively.
3d) roar/ I was
£)u rrxtrjr/ thou wast
(£r rear/ he was
Imperfect Tense.
Negatively.
3d) mar ntd)t, I was not
£)u trarjr md)t/ thou wast not
(5r wax md)t/he was not
37
©tc war/ she was
SBir »areri/ we were
St)t waret, you were
©ie waren/ they were,
Interrogatively.
$&at id) ? Was I ?
SBarjt bu ? Wast thou ?
fffiar er ? Was he ?
2Bar fte ? Was she ?
52Baren wtr ? Were we ?
28aret tyr ? Were you ?
SBaren fte ? Were they ?
(§?t€ war md)t/ she was not
9Bir waren ntd)t, we were not
3fyt rraret ntdjt/ you were not
(£ie raaten nid)t/ they were not.
Interrogatively and Negatively.
SBar id) nid)t ? Was I not ?
SBarjrbumdjt? Wast thou not?
2Bar er md)t ? Was he not ?
SBar fte nicf)t ? Was she not ?
2£aren wtr ntdE>t ? Were we not ?
S£aretu)tntd)t? Were you not?
SBaren fte nidjt ? Were they
not ?
Compound Forms.
Present Tense.
Affirmatively. Negatively.
34) bin gewefen, I have been 3d) bin nid)t gewefen, I have
not been
£)u bifr gewefeti/ thou hast been £)u btft titer; t gewefen/ thou hast
not been
dt ifr gewefen, he has been Grr if: ni<§t gewefen/ he has not
been
©ie tjt gewefen/ she has been ©te ift nidjt geraefen/ she has
not been
2Btr ftnb gewefeti/ we have been 2Btr ftnb nid)t gewefeti/ we have
not been
3fyr fetb gewefen/ you have been 3^ fetb nid)t gewefen/ you have
not been
©ie ftnb gewefen/ they have <Sie ftnb mcf)t gewefen/ they
been. have not been.
Interrogatively. Interrogatively and Negatively.
23in id) gewefen ? Have I £5in id) nicbt gcwefen ? Have
been ? I not been ?
E
38
Sift bu geroefen ? Hast thou
been ?
3ft cr geroefen ? Has he been ?
3ft fie geroefen ? Has she been ?
!2>tnb roir geroefen ? Have we
been ?
'Sett tfjr geroefen ? Have you
been ?
<Stnb fte geroefen? Have they
been ?
S3tft bu ntdjt geroefen ? Hast
thou not been ?
3ft er ntdjt geroefen? Has he
not been ?
3ft fte ntdjt geroefen ? Has she
not been ?
©tnb roir nidjt geroefen? Have
we not been?
<§eib tfjr nidjt geroefen ?
you not been ?
©inb fte nidjt geroefen ?
they not been ?
Have
Have
Compound Forms.
Imperfect Tense.
Affirmatively.
3d) waz geroefen/ I had heen
Negatively.
3d) war nid)t geroefen/ I had
not been
£)u roarft geroefen, thou hadst £>u roarft nidjt geroefen/ thou
been
(Sir roar geroefen/ he had been
hadst not been
@r war ntdjt geroefen/ he had
not been
@te roar geroefen/ she had been ©te roar ntdjt geroefen/ she had
not been
2Bir roaren geroefen/ we had SBSir roaren ntdjt geroefen/ we
been had not been
3£jr roaret geroefen/ you had 3^ roaret ntdjt geroefen/ you
been had not been
©te roaren geroefen/ they had @te roaren ntdjt geroefen/ they
been. had not been.
Interrogatively. Interrogatively and Negatively.
28ar id) geroefen ? Had I been ? SGktr tdj nidjt geroefen ? Had
I not been ?
2Barft bu geroefen ? Hadst thou SBarft bu ntdjt geroefen ? Hadst
been ? thou not been ?
39
§Bac er gercefen r Had he been ?
3Bar fte gercefen? Had she
been ?
SBaren wit gemefen ? Had we
been ?
SBaret ifyi geme[en? Had you
been?
Sffiaren fte gereefen? Had they
been ?
Future
Affirmatively.
3d) tttfrbe fetn/ I shall, or will
be
*Du ttrirft fetn/ thou shalt, or
wilt be
<5r ttnrb fcin# he shall, or will
be
*Ste rotrb fetn/ she shall, or
will be
2£tr roerben fetn/ we shall, or
will be
Sfyr roerbet fetn/ you shall, or
will be
©te merben fetn/ they shall, or
will be.
Interrogatively.
SGSerbe id) fetn ?
I be?
SBtr ji bu fetn ?
thou be ?
SBirb er fetn ?
he be?
SBirb fte fetn ?
she be ?
Shall, or will
Shalt, or wilt
Shall, or will
Shall, or will
SSktr er nid)t geroefen r Had
he not been ?
£Bac fte nidjt gercefen? Had
she not been ?
SOSaren mir ntdjt ge&efen ? Had
we not been ?
SBaret ttyr mcf)t gewefen ? Had
you not been ?
gSaren fte ntd)t getrefen? Had
they not been ?
Tense.
Negatively.
3d) rcerbe md)t fetn/ I shall, or
will not be
£>u tt>trfr md)t fetn/ thou shalt,
or wilt not be
(5r tvizb ntd)t fetn/ he shall, or
will not be
@ie rotrb ntd)t fetn/ she shall, or
will not be
£8tr roerben nid)t fetn/ we shall5
or will not be
3t)r rcerbet nidjt fetn/ you shall,
or will not be
©ie rcerben md)t fetn/ they shall,
or will not be.
Interrogatively and Negatively.
SBerbe id) ntd)t fetn ? Shall, or
will I not be ?
SBBtrft bu nicfit fetn ? Shalt, or
wilt thou not be ?
SfBtrb er md)t fetn ? Shall, or
will he not be ?
SBirb fte nidjt fein ? Shall, or
will she not be ?
40
SEBerten mir fetn ? Shall/ or
will we be ?
SBerbet fyt fein ? Shall, or
will you be ?
2£erben fie fetn ? Shall, or
will they be ?
Compound Forms of
Affirmatively.
3$ merbe gemefen fein# I shall,
or will have been
£!u mirjt gemefen fetn/ thou
shalt, or wilt have been
dt mtrb gemefen fetn/ he shall,
or will have been
Sir merben gemefen fetn/ we
shall, or will have been
3f)r merbet gemefen fein# you
shall, or will have been
©ie merben gemefen fein/ they
shall, or will have been.
Interrogatively.
Serbe id) gemefen fetn ? Shall,
or will I have been ?
fOStrft bit gemefen fetn ? Shalt,
or wilt thou have been ?
fBSivb er gemefen fetn ? Shall,
or will he have been ?
Serbenmtt gemefen fetn? Shall,
or will we have been ?
Serben mir ntcfjt fein? Shall,
or will we not be ?
SBerbet tf)t ntd)t fein ? Shall,
or will you not be ?
Serben fte nicfyt fein ? Shall,
or will they not be ?
the Future Tense.
Negatively.
3cf) merbe niefct gemefen fetn/ 1
shall, or will not have been
£u mtvfi nici)t gemefen fein/ thou
shalt, or wilt not have been
(5c mirb md)t gemefen fein, he
shall, or will not have been
SBtr merben nid)t gemefen fetn/
we shall, or will not have
been
Sfyr merbet nidjt gemefen fein/
you shall, or will not have
been
©te merben nidjt gemefen fein/
they shall, or will not
have been.
Interrogatively and Negatively,
SCerbe id) nidjt gemefen fetn ?
Shall, or will I not have
been ?
fSStrft bu ntd)t gemefen fein ?
Shalt, or wilt thou not
have been ?
SBtrb er nidjt gemefen fetn ?
Shall, or will he not have
been ?
SBSerben mir nid)t gemefen fein ?
Shall, or will we not have
been ?
41
SOSerbet tfyr gercefen fetn ? Shall,
or will you have been ?
SBerben fie geroefen fetn ? Shall5
or will they have been ?
fBerbet tyr nid)t gercefen fetn ?
Shall, or will you not have
been?
SBevben fte nicfjt gettefen fetn ?
Shall, or will they not
have been ?
Conditional Mood.
Affirmatively.
3d) rourbe fetn/ I would, or
should be
£)u timrbeffc fetrv thou wouldst,
or shouldst be
&t rcurbe fetn/ he would, or
should be
SQSir rtmrben fetn/ we would, or
should be
3fyr itmrbet fetn/ you would, or
should be
<Ste routben fetn/ they would, or
should be.
Interrogatively.
Burbe id) fetn ? Would, or
should I be
Sffiurbeft bu fein ? Wouldst, or
shouldst thou be ?
2Burbe er fetn ? Would, or
should he be ?
SOSurben ttrir fetn ? Would, or
should we be ?
SB&firbet tyr fetn ? Would, or
should you be ?
aBfirben fte fetn ? Would, or
should they be ?
Negatively.
3d) rcurbe ntd)t fetn/ I would,
or should not be
£)u rofabeft md)t fetn/ thou
wouldst, or shouldst not be
(Sr rourbe ntdjt fetn/ he would.
or should not be
£Btr rcurben ntdbt fetn/ we
would, or should not be
3$* wurbet ntd)t fein/ you
would, or should not be
<Ste umrben ntd)t fetn, they
would,' or should not be.
Interrogatively and Negatively.
jE&urbe id) md)t fetn? Would,
or should I not be ?
S3urbeftbuntd)tfetn? Wouldst,
or shouldst thou not be ?
2Burbe er ntd)t fetn ? Would,
or should he not be?
££urben wit md)t fetn? Would,
or should we not be ?
2£urbet tyr nid^t fein? Would,
or should you not be ?
Burben fte nid;t fetn? WTould,
or should they not be ?
e 3
42
Compound Forms of
Affirmatively.
3d) rourbe geroefen fein, I would,
or should have been
£>u roffcbefi gercefen fein; thou
wouldst, or shouldst have
been
(5c rourbe gercefen frity he
would, or should have been
SSic trurben gewefen fcth# we
would, or should have been
3f)t tt>urbet getrcfen fein/ you
would, or should have been
Bie rourben geruefen fetn/ they
would, or should have been.
Interrogatively.
^urbe id) gewefen fein? Would,
or should I have been ?
SBurbejt bu gewcfen fetn?
Wouldst, or shouldst thou
have been ?
5Burbe er geroefen fein? Would,
or should we have been ?
-&urben trie geirefen fein ?
Would, or should we have
been ?
SBSftrbet tijr geroefen fein ?
Would, or should you have
been ?
the Conditional Mood.
Negatively.
Set) trurbe tudjt gewcfen fein/ I
would, or should not have
been
£u rourbeft ntcl;t geroefen fein/
thou wouldst, or shouldst
not have been
{Sr rourbe nid)t geroefen fein/ he
would, or should not have
been
SBStt n?urten nidjt gemefen fein/
we would, or should not
have been
2>t)r nmrbct ntdjt geroefen fein/
you would, or should not
have been
g>te trurben nidfjt gewefen fetn/
they would,, or should not
have been.
Interrogatively and Negatively,
SBurbe id) nidjt gewefen fein ?
Would, or should I not
have been ?
'Burbeft bu nid)t geroefen fein ?
W7ouldst, or shouldst thou
not have been ?
2£urbe er mcf)t geroefen fein ?
Would, or should he not
have been ?
fEuvten npir ntd)t geroefen fein ?
Would, or should we not
have been ?
Sffifirbet ifyr nid)t geroefen fetn ?
Would, or should vou not
have been ?
48
SBfaben fie geroefen fein ? SBSurten fie nidjt geroefen fein ?
Would, or should they Would, or should they not
have been ? have been ?
Imperative Mood.
Affirmatively. Negatively,
^et b\Xf be (thou) ©ei bu md)t, be (thou) not
Eei ttt let him be (set er ntdjt/ let him not be
(Set fie/ let her be (Set fie nid)t, let her not be
Set e§/ let it be @et eS nicfct/ let it not be
©ein mio let us be (Sent wic nid)t/ let us not be
<Setb tyv, be (ye, or you) ®tib tfyt md)t/ be (ye, or you)
not
©ein fie/ let them be. <Sein fie nidjt/ let them not be.
Subjunctive Mood.
Present Tense.
Affirmatively. Negatively.
&afj id) fet/ that I be £tafi id) nid)t fet/ that I be not
Dctjj bu feift/ that thou be £af? bu nid)t fetjt/ that thou be
not
Tag er fet/ that he be £>afj er ntdfjt fei/ that he be not
£>afj fie few that she be £ag fie md)t fet/ that she be not
£)af e6 fet/ that it be £5afj eg ntdjt fet/ that it be not
£ag nrir feten/ that we be £aj$ ruir nid)t feten/ that we be
not
£)afj tyt fetet, that you be £q$ tfyr ntd)t fetet, that you be
not
£aj? fie feten/ that they be. £>ajj fie nid)t feten, that they be
not.
Imperfect Tense.
Affirmatively. Negatively.
SBenn id) rodre/ if I were SBenntd) nidjt ware/if I were not
SKSenn bu redveft/ if thou wert 5Benn bu nid)t rodtejT/ if thou
wert not
fSScnn er trdve/ if he were S8knnerntcfytware/ifhe were not
44
&£enn fte toaxet if she were SGSenn fte md)t ware/ if she
were not
2Benn eg mare, if it were 5BenneSnid)ttt>are,ifitwere not
28enn ttrir rodren, if we were SBenn ttur nid)t rodrert/ if we
were not
SSenn ttjr wdret, if you were SBenn tfyr nid)t rodret, if you
were not
2Benn fte tcarem if they were. SBenn fte nid)t wdren, if they
were not.
The Verb Sfyim, to do.
Present Tense.
Affirmatively.
34 tyue, I do
£)u t^uji/ thou dost
(5r tyut, he does
©te tfyut/ she does
(S3 tfyut, it does
SBtr tf)un, we do
3fyr tfyut, you do
©te tl;un/ they do.
Interrogatively.
£f)Ueirf)? Do I?
$&uft bu ? Dost thou ?
Si)ut er ? Does he ?
Styut fte ? Does she ?
£&ut e$ ? Does it ?
Sfcun ttrir ? Do we ?
£§ut tfyr ? Do you ?
£§un fte ? Do they ?
Affirmatively.
3d) t^at/ I did
2)u tfyatejl, thou didst
Negatively.
3$ tljue mrf)t/ I do not
£)u t^uft mdf)t/ thou dost not
@r t$ut ntd)t, he does not
@ie ttyut nid)t/ she does not
(56 tfyut md)t, it does not
SBtr tfyun nfd)i> we do not
3fyr tfyut md)t/ you do not
©ic tt)un nid)t, they do not.
Interrogatively and Negatively.
Sfyue id) nidjr ? Do I not ?
SEtyuft bu md)t? Dost thou
not?
Z\)\xt er ntd)t ? Does he not ?
Sfjut fte md)t ? Does she not?
Zi)\xt eS nidr)t ? Does it not ?
Zfyun ttrir md)t ? Do we not ?
Sfyut ifjr ntd)t ? Do you not ?
Sfyun fte ntd)t ? Do they not ?
Imperfect Tense,
Negatively.
34 tyat nid)t/ 1 did not
£>u tfjatejt ntd)t, thou didst not
45
(St tyat, he did @r tf)at ntdjt/ he did not
@te tt?at/ she did ©te t|)at ntdjt/ she did not
dt tfyat, it did d$ t^at nid)t, it did not
2Btt tfyafen, we did £8tr t^aten ntd)t, we did not
3fyr t^atet/ you did Sfyr ttyatet ntdjt/ you did not
@ie t^aten/ they did. 6te ttjaten ntd^t/ they did not.
Interrogatively. Interrogatively and Negatively.
Zfyatify} Did I? Zfyat id) ntd)t ? Did I not ?
££)ateft bu ? Didst thou ? S&atejl &u md)t ? Didst thou
not?
£$at er. ? Did he ? Ztyat er ntdjt ? Did he not ?
Sfjat fte ? Did she ? SSfyrt fie md?t ? Did she not ?
Zfyat e6 ? Did it ? &§at e$ ntdjt ? Did it not ?
Zfyatm nut ? Did we ? Styatcn nrir ntdjt ? Did we not ?
Sfjatet ifjr ? Did you ? Sfjatet tyt ntd;t ? Did you not ?
Sljaten fte ? Did they ? Sfjaten fte ntdjt ? Did they not ?
The Regular Neuter Verb ©djer&etl, to jest.
Indicative Mood.
Present Tense.
Affirmatively. Negatively.
3$ f emerge, I jest 3d) fdjerge ntcbt/ I do not jest
2)u fdjcrjej!/ thou jestest £)u fdjergejt ntdjt/ thou dost not
jest
(Sr fdjer$t, he jests (gr fdjer^t ntdjt, he does not jest
2£tr fd)er§en/ we jest 2Btr fd;er§en nidjt/ we do not
jest
3fjr fdjerjet, you jest 3r;r fdjerget ntdjt/ you do not
jest
Sie fdjerjen, they jest. @te fdjeqen ntdjt/ they do not
jest.
Interrogatively. Interrogatively and Negatively,
^djerje tdj ? Do I jest ? ©djerae id) ntdjt ? Do I not
jest r
46
sd&erjcft bu? Dost thou jest? ®d>er$ej* bu nid)t ? Dost thou
not jest ?
^d)er$t er ? Does he jest ?
^cfyergen nrir ? Do we jest ?
@d)er5et ibr ? Do you jest ?
®d)ersen fie ? Do they jest r
Sd)er$t er nid)t ? Does he not
jest?
<5d)er$en roir ntdjt ? Do we not
jest?
Sdjer^et tyt ntdjt ? Do you not
jest?
<Sd)er§en fte nid^t ? Do they
not jest ?
Imperfect Tense.
Affirmatively.
3d) federate/ I jested
£)u fefyeqteft/ thou jestedst
@r fcrjerjte/ he jested
SBSir fd)er§ten; we jested
3f)r fdjcrjtet/ you jested
Sic fcfyeraten, they jested.
Interrogatively.
@d)er$te id) ? Did I jest ?
Negatively.
3d) frter^te ntdbt, I did not jest
3)u fd)er§te(l ntdbt/ thou didst
not jest
<£r fdjerjte ntd&t/ he did not
jest
§B$fr fdjergten nid)t/ we did not
jest
Styr fdjerjtet nidfot/ you did not
jest
Sie fdierjten nid)t, they did not
jest.
Interrogatively and Negatively.
(gd)er$te id) ntdjt ? Did I not
jest?
Sd)er$teftbu? Didst thou jest? (Sd)er§teft bu ntd)t ? Didstthou
not jest?
Sdjerste er ? Did he jest ? S*ergte er nid)t ? Did he not
not jest?
©djerjten n?tr ? Did we jest ? Sd)er§ten rotr rtidjt ? Did you
not jest ?
Sd)er§tet tyx ? Did you jest ? ©djjergtet tt)r ntdjt ? Did you
not jest ?
Sd)er$ten fte ? Did they jest ? ©cr.erjten fte ntd)t ? Did they
not jest ?
47
Future
Affirmatively.
3d) roerbe fd)ergen/ I shall or
will jest
£)u nrirfi fd^crjen/ thou shalt or
wilt jest
(Sr nritb fdjcrgen/ he shall or
will jest
SQSir roerben fcfyersetv we shall
or will jest
3*)t roerbet fdjer^en/ you shall
or will jest
(Sie roerben fcber jen/ they shall
or will jest.
Tense.
Negatively.
3d) werbe nidjt fdjergen, 1 shall
or will not jest
5)u nrirji nid)t fd)er$en/ thou
shalt or wilt not jest
<Sr ttrirb nid)t fct)er$en, he shall
or will not jest
SBtr merben mcf)t (emergen, we
shall or will not jest
3^ n?erb€t ntdfjt fdjerjen/ you
shall or will not jest
@te roerben xiidjt (emergen, they
shall or will not jest
Interrogatively.
SBerbe id) fcfcerjen ? Shalll jest?
SBtrft bu fd&erjen ? Wilt thou
jest?
28itb er fd)ergcn ? Will he jest ?
Sfiktben roir fcfjerjen ? Shall we
jest?
SBerbct ifyr fdjcr $en ? Will you
jest?
SBerben fte fdjerjen ? Will they
jest ?
Interrogatively and Negatively.
SSerbe id) nidfjt fdjer^en ? Shall
I not jest ?
SBirjl bu md)t fcfcerjen ? Wilt
thou not jest ?
SStrb er nidftt fdjeqen ? Will
he not jest ?
SBerben wit nid&t frf)er§en ? Shall
we not jest ?
SBerbet ttyr mrf)t fcfyergen ? Will
you not jest?
SSerben ftc nidfjt fdjerjen ? Will
they not jest?
Compound Forms of the Future Tense.
Affirmatively.
3$ roetbe gefd)er§t fytbenj shall
or will have jested
Negatively.
3d) roerbe nicfyt gef^ergt fyabtn, 1
shall or will not have jested
48
£)u fctntft gefd^r^t ^abcri/ thou
shalt or wilt have jested
Qti nnrb gefd)eqt tyaben/he shall
or will have jested
2£tr werben gefd^er^t fyaben, we
shall or will have jested
3t)r rcerbet gefierjt taben, you
shall or will have jested
<Ste roerben ge[d)er$t *)aben/ they
shall or will have jested.
£)u wtrffc ntd)t gefd)ergt f)aben,
thou shalt or wilt not have
jested
(5r roirb nid)t gefdjer^t fjabeti/ he
shall or will not have jested
2$tt roerben ntdjt gefd)er$t t)aben/
we shall or will not have
jested
3§r werbet md)t gcfdjerat fyiben,
you shall or will not have
jested
(£ie it>evben nid)t gefd&erjt fyctben,
they shall or will not have
jested.
Interrogatively.
SSSerbe id) gefcrjergt fyaben ?
Shall, or will I have jested?
SBir(^ bu 9efd;et$f tyaben ? Shalt,
or wilt thou have jested ?
&Mi*b er gefdieqt ijaben ? Shall,
or will he have jested ?
SSerben xoxx gefd)er§t fyaben ?
Shall, or will we have
jested ?
SSerbet tt)r gefd;erat Ijaben?
Shall, or will you have
jested ?
SBerben fte gefd^ergt fyt&en?
Shall, or will they have
jested ?
Interrogatively and Negatively.
SBSerbe tcb ntdbt gefdrjerst tyabert ?
Shall, or will I not have
jested ?
SBStrft bu ntdjt gefcbergt fyaben ?
Shalt, or wilt thou not have
jested?
2Btrb er nidjt geftfjerjt fyaben ?
Shall, or will he not have
jested ?
£Berbenttrit md)t gcfdjergt fyaben?
Shall, or will we not have
jested ?
SBetbet u)r. ntcfet gcfdjergt fyaben?
Shall, or will you not have
jested?
SSerben fte ntd)t gefd>cr^t fyaben ?
Shall, or will they nothave
jested?
49
Compound Forms of the Present Tense.
Affirmatively.
3d) t)abe gefefyerjt, I have jested
£)u fyafl Qefdjergt, thou hast
jested
(gr fyat gefdjergt/ he has jested
fBtt tjabcn gcfd)er§t/ we have
jested
Sfyt ^obet gefdjecjt, you have
jested
©ie fyctben gefdjerjt/ they have
jested.
Negatively.
3d) fyabe ntdftt gefdjergt, I have
not jested
£)u fyaft ntd)t gefdjer^t/thou hast
not jested
(Sr. f)at ntd)t Qefdjergt/ he has
not jested
28tr fyaben md)t gefd)er§t, we
have not jested
3t)r fyabet md)t gefdjergt, you
have not jested
<5ie tyaben md)t gefd^er^t, they
have not jested.
The student who has gone regularly through the pre-
ceding parts of this work will now be able, without any
further instruction, to write and speak the compound forms
of the above and of any other verb in the German language.
CHAPTER III.
THEORY OF GERMAN CONSTRUCTION, AND
PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF IT.
1. In the German language, the three essential parts of
any proposition, that is to say, the subject, the copula, and
the attribute, may be arranged in four different ways. In
what is generally termed the natural or direct order of con-
struction, the subject precedes the copula or verb, and the
attribute immediately follows the copula. In the inverted
order, the attribute may precede, and the subject follow
the copula ; or, the copula may precede the subject, followed
50
by the attribute ; or, lastly, the subject may precede, and
the copula follow the attribute.
Examples.
3Retn SSruber fdjretbt etnen SSrief 5 etnen SSrief fdjreibt mete
HBruber; [cr-retbr mein SBruber cincn SBrief? STceir. SSruber etnen
SSrief fdpetbt* my brother is writing a letter.
2. Adjectives, and participles, considered as adjectives,
are in German, as in English, placed before the substan-
tives which they qualify; and when there is an adjective,
or a participle, with any words that depend on either, such
words are placed before the adjective or participle, but after
the article or pronoun. In this case, the article or pronoun
occupies the first place : the words which depend on the
adjective or participle, the second ; the adjective or parti-
ciple itself, the third ; and the substantive, modified by the
adjective or participle, the fourth.
Example.
Sin cjeaen jebermann Ircfltcrcr 5ftenfd), a man polite to every
body.
3. A genitive case, governed by a substantive, or an ad-
jective, with the article bcr, tie/ tas/ may be placed indiffer-
ently before or after the substantive by which it is governed:
Examples.
£er ©arlen be€ teniae, or beg SC&nigl ©arter,/ the garden of
the king, or the king's garden ; tie S3csr;ett ter 9Xen(d)enj or
ter Sftenfcr-ert SBceireit/ the wickedness of men, or men's
wickedness.
4. A proper name, in the genitive case, is almost invari-
ably placed before the governing' noun : as, @ellert€ gabeln,
Gellert's Fables ; £lo$fio£€ 9Reffta§j Klopstock's Messiah.
5. The verb in the infinitive mood, and the past partici-
ple, are placed at the end of their own member of the sen-
tence, that is to say, after all the words which depend on
them.
51
Examples.
Gstnem fttefyenben geinbe etru golbene SSvucfe bauen, to build a
golden bridge for a flying enemy ; roir mrtzn morgen nact)
23erltn geben; we shall go to Berlin to-morrow ; ©te §ahz\\
etne ©elegenfeeit gute SSud)er gu fauferi/ you have an opportunity
to buy good books ; fetn 23ruber feat bem £6ntg jwangtQ Safeve
gebient, his brother has served the king twenty years.
6. When a word that depends on an infinitive is explained
or determined by an incidental proposition, such proposition
may be placed either before or after the infinitive.
Examples.
(5tnen (Stnnmrf ma&vn, ber ntdjt gegtunbet v~x, or einen (Stnamrf/
bee md)t gegtunbet tft, macfyeti/ to make an unfounded objection.
(Stnen sBrtef fd)retben^ ben 9?iemanb lefen !ann/ or einen 23rief,
ben ?Riemanb lefen fanm fcfytetben./ to write a letter which
nobody can read. (Stnen gcinb gu uberfallem ber nidit auf feiner
£ut tjr, or etnen getnb/ ber md)t auf feiner #ut tjr/ gu uberfallen;
to surprise an enemy who is not on his guard. (Sine (5rfld=
rung gu geben, Me bunfler tjl/ al§ tie ju erfldrenbe (Sacfre, or eine
(Srfldrung/ Me bunfler tft alS Me gu erfldrenbe ©acfce/ gu geben/
to give a definition which is more obscure than the thing to
be defined.
7. When two or more infinitives, or participles, depend
on each other, that which is the first in English must be put
last in German.
Examples.
©efeen xvo\Ur\, to wish to go. Scfcreifcen tonnem to be able
to write, ©efdhrteben gu fyaben/ to have written, ©pagteren
gefyen fonnen, to be able to go to walk. 3d) rcerbe md)t auS?
gefyen fonnen, I shall not be able to go out.
8. The verbs ftaben and fetn are often understood after a
participle, and, when several verbs or participles occur in
the same sentence, the auxiliary verb is not repeated, but is
placed alone at the end of the sentence.
Examples.
SSSetdjeS er md)t Mo§ gefagt, fonbern audf) gefefcriebem f)at, which
52
he has not only said, but also written. ©d)&nf)etten, 5te ntd)t
$u befd)retben, fonbcrn nut §u fufyten, finb, beauties which are not
to be described, but only to be felt.
9. £)utfen, fonnen, laffen/ m6gen, muffen, fotten, roerben, roollen,
and all verbs in general, the principal use of which is to
limit the tenses and moods of other verbs, govern the infi-
nitive.
Examples,
9tt<f)t tfyun butfen, not to have permission to do. 9ttd)t
fd)lafen lonnen, not to be able to sleep, ©id) madjen taffen, to
have, or to get made, (gr mag fagen, maS er tt>ill, er muf?
fommen, he may say what he likes, but he must come. (5t
toollte 9ftd)t$ tfyun, fie fytegen tyn btnben, he would do nothing,
they ordered him to be bound. 3d) fjalf tt)m arbetten, 1 helped
him to work, (gr f)6rre mid) reben, he heard me talking.
<3ie lefyrte tyn fdjretben/ she taught him how to write. 3d) \af)
fie fommen, I saw them come, ©te fufylte t^re ^rdfte abnefymen,
she felt her strength decrease, ©ie fanben tt)n fd)lafen, they
found him asleep. 2Btt fanben fte auf ber (£rbe liegen, we found
them lying on the ground.
10. $eif$en, f)elfen, 5)6ren, fef)en, and the other verbs illus-
trated in the foregoing examples, butfen, I onnen, laffen, mogen,
muffen, and follen, governing another verb, cannot be used in
the participle, but must always remain in the infinitive
mood ; the verbs Ictjren and lernen, however, may be used
with equal propriety in the participle and infinitive.
Examples.
3d) §aU ii)n fommen fyetjjen (not gefyeijien), I have ordered
him to come. 3d) ^abe tfym fdjretben tjelfen (not geljolfen),
I have helped him to write. 3d) fyabt ttjn fpred)en ()6ren
(not gel)6rt), I have heard him speak. 3d) tyabz tyn mafylen
fetjen, I have seen him paint. 8te fatten auf mein fSSort trauen
butfen, you might have relied upon my word. 3d) fyabe tfym
mad)en laffen, I have had, or got made for him. 3d) tyabt tfui
nid)t fe^en roollen, I would not see him. (St tyat gefyen muffen,
he has been obliged to go. 3d) fyabe ifyn fpred)en lefcren, I
have taught hirn how to speak. @t f)at fie fennen gelernt, or
er fyat fte fennen lernen, he has become acquainted with her,
53
ii. The German infinitive is usually preceded by the
preposition §u, when it simply expresses the object of an ac-
tion ; and, when it more particularly denotes the aim and
intention of an action, in addition to the above preposition,
it requires the particle urn, which is always separated from
$u by the case of the verb that is put in the infinitive mood.
Urn/ in this situation, is equivalent to the English words, in
order to, for the purpose of, to the end that, &c. &c.
Examples.
dv be^auptete tfyn gefefyen ju fyaben/ he asserted that he had
seen him. 3d) trad&rete mit ifym §u fpred)en/ I endeavoured to
speak to him. @r tjt- berett/ eg &u tfyun, he is ready to do it.
<5t tfyat fetn 9ft6gUd)fteg/ urn tfyn $u uberreben, he did all that he
could in order to persuade him. G*;r serfdumte 9tid)tg, urn eg
3tt erlcmgeri/ he neglected nothing in order to accomplish it.
12. 2Cnf(agen/ befcfyuibtgen, enttaben/ entlebigert/ uberfufyteti/
beraubeti/ uberfyeben/ uber5eugen/ oerftc^ern/ erwdfynen, gebenfem
fd)onen/ Eertpetfen/ and many reciprocal verbs, govern the
genitive case.
- Examples,
(£t ift eineg SSerbtedieng befcfyulbigt, he is accused of a crime,
(St i|r feineg 5Serfpred)en6 entlebtgt/ he is absolved from his pro-
mise. Gsr erinnert fid) ber empfangenen SSofyltfyaten, he remem-
bers the kindness he has received. Q,t entfy&tt ftch biefer &ad)ef
he abstains from this thing. (Sr. bemdd)tigte fid) bee (Stabt/ he
made himself master of the town.
13. Verbs which govern the relation of time, place, and
manner, require the genitive case.
Examples,
©eg Sftlorgeng/ be§ 9tad)tg, be§ SBormittagg/ beg Sagg, beg (Sonn^
ragg/ beg SDftontagg/ ycozimai bt§ Safyreg fommen, to come in the
morning, in the night, in the forenoon, during the day, on
Sunday, on Monday, twice a year, ©eg 9Jtorgeng ober beg
2Cbenbg abretfen/ to set out in the morning or evening, ©eg
23ormtttagg fd)retberi/ beg ^ad)mtttagg fpajteren gefyeri/ to write in
the forenoon, to take a walk after dinner. dv mirb beg
9?ad)tg anfommen, he will arrive in the night. (Sonntagg unb
f 3
54
9ttontag6 get)t bte ^offc ab, the post goes on Sundays and Mon-
days. (Sr fommt jwetmal beg SQtonatg, jweimal beg 3at)reg/ he
comes twice a month, twice a year.
14. In general, adverbs are placed immediately before
the word the signification of which they modify.
Examples.
(Sin 9 r u n b 1 1 d) gele^tter. Warm, & profoundly learned
man. Unenbltd) gut, infinitely good.
15. With finite verbs, the adverb nid)t is usually placed
at the end of the sentence ; but when there is a participle
or a verb in the infinitive mood, nid)t is put before such
participle or infinitive.
Examples.
3d) faf) tf)n biefen garden Sag nid)t, or ify ^aht tt)n ben ganjen
Sag ntd)t gefefyen/ I have not seen him the whole day. 3d)
fcnnte tfyn mcfyt i)5rcn/ I could not hear him.
16. When a negative and an adverb of time occur in the
same sentence, the latter is generally put before the former.
But when the temporal adverb is affected by the negative,
the adverb of negation is placed before the adverb of time.
Examples.
3$ fcbretbe tjeute nid)t, I do not write to-day. (Sr ttrirb nid)t
morgen/ fonbern ubermorgen/ tommen, he will not come to-
morrow, but the day after to morrow.
17. All the cases governed by the verb are put after it
in the simple tenses, and between the auxiliary and the par-
ticiple in the compound tenses.
Examples.
©ie fet)en mi§, you see me. (Sr gab eg tym, he gave it to
him. <Ste t)aben mid) gefefyen, you have seen me. <£v fyatte eg
tbm gegeben/ he had given it to him.
18. When both a dative and accusative case follow the
verb, the dative usually precedes the accusative except for
the sake of emphasis, &c.
55
Examples.
@r gtbr fctnem gceunbc 9tafy he gives his friend advice.
(5r fdhricb einen SSricf (etnem ^Bcuber/ he wrote a letter to his
brother.
19. When one of the two cases is a personal pronoun, it
is usually placed immediately after the verb, and when both
the cases are personal pronouns, the accusative generally
precedes the dative.
Examples,
£)er (Sinfiebfer fc|tc tynen glcif^ unb S&ein ^or, the hermit
set meat and wine before them, ©ie wanbten jtdj jebem met'&=
iDutbtgen ©egenftanbe git/ they turned aside to every thing
remarkable, ©te unter'nteiten ftd) mtt ben (Simrcfynern, they
conversed with the inhabitants, ©ic gibt eg tfmi/ she gives it
to him. (5 1* nannte fie mtr/ he named her to me.
20. The principal case of the verb is followed by the pre-
position and the substantive which it governs.
Examples.
£)te§ macrte einen tiefen (Stnbrucf auf unfere Binnet this made a
deep impression on our senses. SKetn QSefjIjranb fe|t metn
Seben in ©efafyt/ my prosperity puts my life in danger. 3<3)
babe funfge^n 3abre in ber ginfamfeit gelebt, I have lived fifteen
years in solitude.
21. The circumstances of //me and ^face precede the
principal case of the verb, except when the case of the verb
is a pronoun, and then the pronoun is placed immediately
after the verb.
Examples.
dx fdfcitfte oorgejtern ba$ ©elb fetnem gteunbe, he sent the
money to his friend the day before yesterday. 3* fanb tfyn
ccrgefrevn in 3Bien< I found him in Vienna the day before
yesterday.
22. The separable particles of compound verbs, past
participles, and verbs, in the infinitive mood, are placed at
the end of the sentence.
56
Examples.
(SS fiel tt)m auf etnmal feine SRebe etn, he remembered his
discourse at once. Set Umgang mit aufgeflarten Seuten fyat
fetnen ©etji sur Sfteife gebradbt, intercourse with enlightened
persons has matured his understanding. 3d) fat) tie fd)tt>ar§e
©cwittcrtoolfe fcfynetl uber ben SBSalb fatjren, I saw the black
storm-cloud pass swiftly over the wood. 3* bin berett, eud)
§u erlennen §u geben, 1 am prepared to let you know.
23. Conjunctions are usually placed at the beginning of
that member of a sentence which they connect ; but aber,
alfo/ aud), bafyer, bemnad), barum/ bennod), folgltd)/ befm>egen,
jebod), mit^tti, fonjf, and §war, are often placed at the distance
of several words from the beginning of the sentence.
24. The conjunctions obgletd) and obroofyt may be either
separated or not ; roenn nur and roenn aud) are often separated
by a pronoun in the nominative case.
Examples.
£>bgleid) td) e§ roeifj $ ob id& eg gtetd) mdjt wetj* ; obtpo^l i<§ tf)n
f enne 5 ob er mir gleid) befannt ifl: 5 roenn er nur roollte 5 u>enn et
aud) retd) t|r.
25. German prepositions are usually placed before the
case which they govern ; but fyalben, fyalber, ungead)tet, junriber,
entgegen, fytnburd), lang, gufolge, written (preceded by urn)/ nad),
and a few others are placed after their regimen. Ueber, in
the sense of lang, is placed after the case which it governs.
Sufolge, with a genitive case, precedes, but with a dative it
follows the word which it governs.
26. 2Cnftatt, ftatt, tjalben/ tyalber, aufjerfyalb, innerfyatb, ober^
fyalb, untcr^alb/ fvaft, laut, mtttelji, cermitteljl, ungead)tet, unrceit,
unfern, oerm6gc, rcafyrenb, tregen, and tvo§, govern the genitive
case, and when fyalben or wegen is joined to a personal pro-
noun, a t is added to it.
27. 2Cu$/ auger, bet, entgegen, mit, nad), n&d&ji, nebji, IdngS,
fammt, feit, con, jur, and gutxriber, govern the dative.
28. £>urd), fur, gegen, urn, and rotber, govern the accusative
case.
29. ndnf auf, fetnter/ in, neben, uber, ocr/ unter/ and 5ttifd)en,
govern the dative and accusative cases.
30. These prepositions govern the dative case, when the
sense points out a state of rest in a place, and also when the
verb indicates motion within a given or determined space,
without going from one place to another. When the verb
expresses motion from one place to another, or a certain
tendency towards any object, these prepositions govern the
accusative. S3or is often used when the verb expresses or
implies the idea of fear, defence, protection, or flight.
Examples.
(£t furd)tet ftd) eoe ©efpenftern/ he is afraid of ghosts. (&k
fdyjgt ftd) i>cr ber &<e# she protects herself against the cold.
(Sr fltef)t cot bem getnbe, he flies before the enemy.
31. The compound prepositions, umber/ untermeg/ uber=
wcg# conauS, Donan* oonauf/ anftatt, oont)er, auf$U/ nadfou, auflcS/
sorter/ sorbin/ ocrrceg/ t)inrerr;er/ ^intenbretn, umrotlten/ are sepa-
rated in such a manner that their regimen, or the case which
they govern, is placed in the middle, between their component
parts.
Examples.
(Sie ftunben u m ben -ISagen f) e x, they stood round the
waggon. £)aS gaffer lauft unter ber IBrucEc meg, the water
runs under the bridge. g)te £uget gtng uber metnem £cpf
m e g/ the ball went over my head. Q;r r^at mir Don -Bien
aug gefdjrteben, he has written to me from Vienna, (Sr tarn
oon ber (Stabt f) e r# he came from the side of the town.
2Bir fegeiten a u f Stalten 5 u, we were sailing towards Italy.
5aBr uns a u f it)n loi ge^en, let us go up to him. Qt lief 0 0 r
mir r; e r (f)in)/ he was running before me. ©ott ftraft tie
9Renfd)en u m ttjrer ^unben mitten/ God punishes men for
their sins.
32. Some conjunctions are always placed at the beginning
of the sentence ; of this kind are alletiv fonbern/ benn, mil,
[internal/ nad)bem, \e mtyv, je mentger/ menn, ate ob, obgletd^ cb?
fcfcom obmofyl/ ob^xvat, tvk, and gtetcfcmie.
33. The conjunction ba$ is often suppressed after the
58
verbs rcunfd)en, molten, fyoffen, fuud)ten, beforgen^ t>erftd)em, be*
fyaupten, and jagen, without inverting the order of the words
in consequence of the suppression.
Examples.
3d) tt?unfd)te/ or roollte, ec lame (for, bajTer lame), I wish that
he would come, &c.
34. The conjunction rcemt may be either expressed or
not ; but, when it is suppressed, the order of the words is
inverted.
Examples*
2Berm er mill, or wilt er, if be will. 2Benn id) e§ gerougt tyStte,
or fyatte id) eg gewugf/ if I had known it. £Benn icf> ntd)t lomme,
or lomme id) nid)t, if I do not come.
35. There is a necessary correlation between certain con-
junctions, so that when the first part of a sentence, or the
antecedent, begins with one, the second part, or the conse'
quent, begins with its correlative.
Examples.
@nftt>eber fyat er eg getfyan, obet er ttrirb eg nod) tf)un,
either he has done it, or he will do it. £>b er gle id) metn
better tjt, f o fommt er bod) ntcfct ju mtr, although he is my
cousin, yet he does not come near me. Scnn @te wieber
fommen/ fo milt id) eg Sfynen geben, when you return, I will give
it you. 28enn i§ gletd) @etb fyattt, fo gabe id) tfym bod)
letneg, even if I had money, I would give him none. 3d)
fenne to e b e r feinen SSater, n o d) fetne Gutter, I neither know
his father nor his mother. <So fd)6n fte aud) fein mag, fo tjt
fie bod) md)t liebengrcurbtg, however handsome she may be,
still she is not amiable, (gr tjt itvat metn getnb nid)t, a b e r
aud) ntd)t metn greunb, ne is indeed not my enemy, but still
he is not my friend.
36. The conjunction fo, which is often used to connect
the antecedent and consequent, may be suppressed, and the
best writers make but a sparing use of it. (So bod) is always
separated, so that the verb and the nominative case, and also
sometimes a part of the regimen are found in the middle,
59
between the component parts, which is evident by several
of the above examples.
Having said so much in explanation and exemplification
of the rules which are common to the several orders of
German construction in general, the reader is now prepared
for the consideration of those rules which belong to each
order in particular.
37. That order of construction of sentences, requiring
the especial attention of beginners, is the natural or direct,
in which the subject of the proposition occupies the first
place, the copula the second, and the predicate, or attribute,
the third. The rules for the collocation of words in sen-
tences of this order, are these: first, the conjunction, if
there is one of those which begin sentences ; second, the
subject or nominative case, with its modification or acces-
saries, that is to say, every thing that serves to explain or
determine it, whether this be an adjective, a participle, a
pronoun joined to a sentence, or an incidental proposition,
&c. Then comes the copula, or verb of the nominative
case ; and, in the fourth or last place, the attribute or regi-
men ; that is to say, all the words which serve to determine
the signification of the verb. The regimen, therefore, will
be found to comprehend the case of the verb, or the direct
regimen ; the preposition with its case, or the indirect regi-
men ; the adverb, the demonstrative particle, and the
separable preposition or component part of the verb.
38. In simple tenses there is no difficulty whatever. This
will appear evident by a few examples : — £er SEenfdj if:
fterbltd)/ man is mortal. 3& fefje etnert SBlarni/ I see a man.
3d* fef)e metne SBudjer/ I see my books. 3d) fagte fetnem SSruber,
I was saying to his brother. (Sr gefyt nad) Berlin/ he is going
to Berlin, ©ein SBruber trotjnt bei metnem grcunbc/ his brother
lives at my friend's. (Seine SBudber liegen auf tern &ifd)e, his
books are lying on the table. (gr fdfcreibt leferlicfy he writes
legibly, ^ie rebet tmmer, she is always talking. 3d) [er,e
barauS/ I see therefrom Bit effen baoori/they are eating some
60
of it. <5r fcfyreibt ah, he is copying, ©ie fommen jurucf/ they
are coming back.
In the first of these simple sentences, we have subject,
verb, and attribute ; in the second and third, subject, verb,
and direct regimen ; in the fourth, subject, verb, and indi-
rect regimen ; in the fifth, sixth, and seventh, subject,
verb, and preposition, with its case ; in the eighth and ninth,
subject, verb, and adverb; in the tenth and eleventh, sub-
ject, verb, and demonstrative particle ; and in the twelfth
and thirteenth, subject, verb, and separable preposition.
39. When there is a concurrence of regimens in the pro-
position or sentence, the personal pronouns, in regimen, are
put immediately after the verb of the subject or nominative
case, and. consequently, before all the other words which
depend on that verb.
Examples.
3d) fenne ifyn feit langer 3eit/ I have known him a longtime.
SQlein SBruber fdjreibt mir atlemal fefyr lange SBriefe/ my brother
always writes me very long letters. 3d) mfinfdjc Sfynen etnen
guten SCftorgen, I wish you a good morning. (Sr befcbrour mid)
bet unferer greunbfftaft, he conjured me by our friendship.
9Jtetne ©deeper beftnbet ftd) md)t fet?r root)!/ my sister is not
very well.
40. Adverbs of time, and all expressions which denote
time, as well as adverbs of negation, are usually placed after
the personal pronouns, if there are any, and before the other
words which depend on the same verb, observing to make
adverbs of time precede adverbs of negation ; adverbs of
quality, quantity, and others, are sometimes placed before,
and sometimes after, the direct and indirect regimen.
Examples.
3d) gefye fyeute md)t nad) £onbom I do not go to London to-
day. S)te (Srnbte iffc fyeuer ntd)t fo gut/ ol§ ba§ sorige %cfyx, the
harvest is not so good this year as it was the last, ©te
gtngen eittgft in ba§ £au£/ they went hastily into the house.
(§r fd)reibt alle feine SSriefe giertid), he writes all his letters
elegantly.
61
41. When the personal pronoun depends on a preposi-
tion, it is usually placed after the adverbs of time and nega-
tion : as, er fommt l;eute ntd)t 5U mtr# he does not come to me
to-day.
42. After personal pronouns and adverbs of time and
negation, follow the direct and indirect regimens, nearly in
the same order as in English, with their modifications.
Examples*
Qt befednbtgte mir geftern etn 23ud) nebft etnem S3rtefe/ he de-
livered to me yesterday a book, together with a letter, din
CSroe wurbtgte einen brolltcfyten £afen fetner ndfeern Sefcmmi'diafr,
a lion honoured a droll hare with his familiarity. Gnn ge*
fragtgeg ©djroetn maftete feet) unter einer ^>ol)en (£t#e mtt ber feerabs
gefallenen grud)t, a voracious pig was fattening itself under a
tall oak with the acorns which fell from it. SOMn SBrubcr
certaufd)t bag Heine olte ^Pferb, rcetdeS er son Sfenen aefauft fear,
gegen etn gr&fereg, ba$ nur fed)6 Safer alt tjr, my brother ex-
changes the little old horse which he bought of you, for a
bigger, that is but six years old.
43. In placing several regimens which concur to modify
the signification of the same verb, it is of less importance
to consult the brevity or length of each regimen in par-
ticular, than the nearer or more remote connection which it
may have with the verb ; and, in general, that which bears
more immediately upon the signification of the verb, is, like
the separable component particles or prepositions, placed
the last.
Examples.
£)te £)iebe beaten gemetntgltd) tie ©liter/ roelcbe fte ttjrem
SKddbjfen entttenben/ mit ttyrem £eben, thieves commonly forfeit
their lives for the property which they take from their
fellow-creatures. £>er ilontg fcHtfte alien fetnen ©efanbten an
auSrcarttgen £6fen S3efer)l %\x, the king sent orders to all his
ambassadors at foreign courts. 9Tcan muf tie attfen ©elegen=
ijetten ntcf)t au£ ben £anben laffen, we ought not to let good
opportunities go by unimproved.
44. Incidental sentences are, for the most part, placed
immediately after the word which they explain or modify ;
G
62
but when the verb of the principal sentence is in a com-
pound tense, the incidental sentence mav be placed indiffer-
ently before or after the participle or infinitive, which forms
a part of the compound tense.
Examples.
3d) §abe ba$ IBudv reel ere* <&h mit gelierjen r;aben, gelefen, or
id) fcabe fca3 £Bud) gelefen, roeldjeS ©te mir geliefeen $aben/ I have
read the book which you lent me. 3d) roerbe meinen ©arten#
tt>etd)er tn ber &5orfiabt itegt, rerfaufen/ or id) rccrbe meinen ©arten
oecfaufcn/ welder in ber S$orfiabt liegt, I will sell my garden in
the suburb.
45. What has just been said respecting incidental sen-
tences is equally applicable to propositions, in which, in-
stead of a complete incidental sentence, there is either a
present participle, or what, a compound relative pronoun,
for that which, in German, ba& rcaS.
Examples.
I wished to take advantage of the opportunity for buying
good books, id) ruottte mir tie ©elegenfjeit/ gute SBudjer gu faufen/
&u 9£u£en madjeni or tcb wollte mir tie ©elegenfyett ^u 3^u£en
macfen/ gute 33ud)er gu taufen. The marshal, upon hearing
that the enemy was not more than two leagues off, gave
orders to his whole army, auf tie Sftad)rtd)t, ba$ ber geinb nur
nod) gnxi ©tunben entfernt rcare,* gab ber ^err ^arfdiall b^m
gangen ^)cere SSefe^l/ or ber jperr 35£arfd)aU/ auf tie SKacfcrtd)!,
ba% ter gctnb nur nod) greet ©tunben entfernt wire/ gab bem gangen
£eere SSefet)l. The general had scarcely given orders for
the attack, ber (general batte faum ben SBefefyl angugreifen gege^
bin, or ber ©eneral t)atte faum ben &3efet)i gegebem angugreifen.
I saw, with my own eyes, what happened, id) fyabz ba$t tva$
gefd)el;en ift, mix meinen etgenen 2Cugen gefefyen/ or id) fyabe ba$
mit meinen etgenen 2Cugen gefefyeri/ roaS gefd)el)en tfr. He will not
confess to what you accuse him of, er urirb ba$f roeffen ©te
tl)n befebuibtgen/ ntcr^r gefieten, or er rotrb bag ntd)t gejlefyen/ n?effen
©te tt)n befcr.ulbtgen. He was ashamed to tell me what I
already knew, er fduimte fid)/ mir ba§, traS id) febon roufjte/ gu
fogen/ or er fctcmre fid> mir ba§ gu fagen/ rcaS i&: fdbon tt>u£te.
46. When there is, in English, between the nominative
63
case and its verb, either a principal sentence, or a verb in
the infinitive mood, governed by a preposition, the sentence
is usually begun with a conjunction or conjunctional ex-
pression.
Examples.
The general, having heard that the enemy was retreating,
ordered the general march to be beaten, nadjbem ber gelbfyerr
erfafyren tjatu, bap ber geinb fid) aurud^og, Itejj er ben @eneral=
marfd) fdrtagen. The commandant, after he had, during the
night, made all the necessary preparations to attack the
besiegers, ordered the whole of the garrison to go out of the
town at daybreak, naftbem ber @ommanbant tie Sftad)t burd) alle
n5t£)tgen 2Cnjralten Me SBelagerer anjugretfen gemad)t featte/ lief? er
betm 2£nbrud)e beg Sageg tie gan^e SSefagung au$ ber <Stabt rucfen.
47. The demonstrative participles bason/ &c, as well as
the adverbs bat bafctbft/ allba/ §ut/ bar;in/ fyier* and tyiefyer/ are
usually placed after the regimens.
Examples,
For the last fortnight every body has been talking of it
with great confidence, Sebermann rebet/ feit mer§et)n Sagen, mit
oteler ftoerl&jngf eit baoon. I am not a little astonished at it,
id) oerrounbere mid) ntdjt rcentg baruber. Fortunately we arrived
there at last, after a tedious journey, toiv gelangten enblid) nad)
etner befdhroerlicfcen Sftetfe glucfltd) bafyin. Your brother was
already there with his wife, Sfyt SBruber xvaz mit feincr grau
fd)on ba.
48. Separable prepositions, commonly called the " separ-
able component particles of compound verbs," are placed
after the regimens and demonstrative particles.
Examples.
He brought (took) two of his friends thither with him,
er bradtfe gi&een son fetnen guren greunben bat)tn mit. He got a
deal of his money by cheating, er gercann i§m burd) fetne S3es
trugereien oiei ©elb ab.
49. The infinitive mood, separable prepositions, and past
participles, are placed at the end of their own member of
the sentence.
64
Examples.
My friend will return from Germany to-morrow, and
bring me two horses with him, metn greunb roirb morgen au$
£eutfcfclanb §urucffommen, unb roirb mtr gvoet ^>ferbe mitbrtngen.
He did not copy more than a sheet and a half of it yester-
day, er rjat geftern nidjt mefyr alg anbmfyatb S5ogcn baoon abge^
fdjrieben.
50. In interrogative sentences the verb precedes its sub-
ject or nominative case ; and the attribute is put in the third
place.
Examples.
3ft er gefommen ? Is he come ? £at er fetne ttntmort gegeben ?
Has he given no answer ? SBarum fyat er e$ nid)t ^efagt ?
Why has he not said so ?
51. The same collocation is observed when the conjunc-
tion menn or the particle cb is omitted, and also when the sen-
tence begins with an adverb of time or place, with one of the
conjunctions entmeber, ober, &c, or with the pronoun e§/ &c.
Examples,
3ft fca€; was <Ste fagen; mafyr (for m e n n ba$f n>a§ ©ie fagen,
matjr ift)/ fo ijoffe id)/ bajj atle§ gut gefyen merbe/ if what you say
is true, I hope every thing will go on well. SSSill ir)r 23ruber
md)t fcmmen (for menn 3 for. 23ruber mcbt fommen mill)/ fo mag
er megbletben/ if your brother will not come, he may stay
away. 3ft er gletd) nidjt metn greunb (for wcnn or o b er gletd)
md)t metn greunb ift)/ fo gonne td) tt)m bod) nicfets SSofeS/ although
he is not my friend, still I wish him no harm. @djl&gen trie
oud) ben getnb (for m e n n mtr audb ben geinb fdjifigen)/ fo fonnten
mtr ikn ntdjt t?erfolgen/ if we were to beat the enemy, still we
should not be able to pursue him. (§6 gefdjar; etn grojjeS
Unalud:, a great misfortune happened.
The interrogative pronoun mer forms an exception to the
foregoing rule, as : 2£er r)at ba$ getfyan? Who has done that?
52. In propositions beginning with the particles \ti befto/
\xm, fo/ rote/ &c, the attribute occupies the first place^ the
verb the second, and the subject the third.
65
Examples.
3e &iter ber SBeim befto beffer tji er/ the older the wine the
better it is. 2Sie tfyeuer tfr biefe £)ofe ? How dear is this box
(for, what is the price of it) ? SSte grop iffc Sfyre ©ute ! How
great is your kindness !
53. An affirmative sentence may begin with an infinitive,
an adjective, an adverb, a participle, a relative or demon-
strative pronoun, one of the relative particles roo/ n>o§tn/ n>o-
fyx, xvobei, woburd)/ roofiir, n>oran, roorin/ or any of the transpo-
sitive conjunctions alg, anerrcogen/ angefe^en, anflatt, big baf*/
ba/ bafern# bafyer, bamit, ba$t auf/ efye, etje al6^ efje benn/ falls or
im galle/ inbem/ inbefferi/ mafjem nacfybem, nun, ob/ obgleid)/ obfd)om
obtvofy, obgnxtr/ fett, fettbem/ [internal/ roenn, fo aud> fo balb, fo
lange, fo triel, fo wett or in fo weit, fo fern or in fo fern; fonft/
«>&fyrenb, roann, tt>arum/ rcaSmafien, n?eld)ermaf;en or tt)eld)ergej!alt,
weil/ tDtnn aud), ttenn gleidv rcenn [d)on, n>enn nur, tsegrcegen,
glettote, rote roentg, tmeroofyl/ roofern, roofern nur. When a
sentence begins with any of the above words, the construc-
tion of such sentence is inverted or not direct, inasmuch as
the subject and attribute or regimen precede the verb of
the nominative case.
Practical Application of the Theory of
German Construction.
Rule. — When there is an adjective, or a participle, with
any words that depend on either, such words are placed
before the adjective or participle, but after the article or
pronoun. In this ease, the article or pronoun occupies the
first place, the words depending on the adjective or parti-
ciple the second, the adjective or participle itself the
third, and the substantive, modified by the adjective or
participle, the fourth.
£)te Sftgmpfyen, mtt geflodfc The nymphs, with braided
tenen £aaren unb roeif? gefletbet, hair, and dressed in white,
g 3
66
rrugen fogtetd) etne einfadje, aber
in ®efd)matf unb Steinlidjfett
auSgefud)te SDftotyljeit auf.
3ugleid^ fingen mer junge
9tt)mpt)en an gu ffngen. ©rffes
Urf) befangen fie ben $ampf ber
(hotter gegen tie Sfttefen 5 bann
bte StebeSabemeuec be§ 3upt=>
ter unb ber @emete ; bie ©eburt
be£ SBaccr-uS unb fetne burd)
ben alten ©tten getettete (Sqies
bung ; ben SBSettlauf ber Etalanta
unb beg £tppomeneS, weldfjer
oermitteljt ber golbenen/ tm
Garten ber #efpertben gepftui3:=
ten 2Cepfe( Sieger blteb.
£)te £Hetd)tr;umer, reeldje fte
burd) ben $anbel ertangt fatten/
unb bte (Stdrfe ber unubenrnnb^
itdjen im ?>Jteere gelegenen (Stabt
SgruS §attc baS #er§ btefer
SSblfer tro£tg gemacfet.
^etjren <Ste, fufyr er fort, nad)
St^ala $urucf$ melleid)t unrb
Sfyr oon ben ©ottern geltebter
Sater eben fo baib ba fein/ alS
©te.
£ier regterte ber au§ Sroja
entroidjjene alte 2Ccejre6.
(5tn fo unernxtrtefer Orfotg
mad)te, baf man ben SQlentoralS
einen son bm ©ottern geltebten
unb begetfierten SCftann anfat).
£)tefe meUetdjt unter bem
ganjen 2CRenfd}enge[d)led)t i)err~
fcfyenbe SDfteinung t)ermod)te nur
burd) SBabrfyett folcfce 2CUgemein*
I}eit §u genrinnen; bcnn btejentgen,
weldje nie con einanber gebjort
§aben, fonnten ficfy nidjt in etne
immediately brought in a
plain repast, but exquisite
both in taste and neatness.
Then four young nymphs
began to sing. First they
sang the battle of the gods
against the giants ; then the
loves of Jupiter and Semele ;
the birth of Bacchus, and his
education, conducted by old
Silenus ; the race of Atalanta
with Hippomenes, who came
off victorious by means of
golden apples gathered in
the garden of Hesperia.
The riches they had ac-
quired by trade, and the
strength of the impregnable
city of Tyre, situated in the
sea, had puffed up the hearts
of these people,
Return to Ithaca, con-
tinued he, perhaps your fa-
ther, who is beloved of the
gods, will be there as soon
as you,
Old Acestes, who had
escaped from Troy, reigned
there.
Such unexpected success
caused Mentor to be looked
upon as a man favoured and
inspired by the gods.
This opinion, which per-
haps prevails as far as human
nature is diffused, could be-
come universal only by its
truth; for those that never
heard of another would not
have agreed in a tale which
67
nothing' but experience can
make credible.
&a$t c>eretmgen, bte altetn burd)
Grrfafyrung ©laubtr-urbtgMt ju
er^alten im (Stanbe mar.
£)er Sufranb etner burd) un^
erirarteteg UnglutiE gebeugten
<Seele, tjt gtetd) bem ber fabet^af*
ten Sewofyner ber neuerfdjaffenen
drbe, n?dd)e, aid bte SKad}t gum
erften 5>JlaI iftren ©deleter entfal«
tete/ gtaubten/ ba$ ber Sag nic
nneber erfdjetnen rourbe.
Rule.— All the cases governed by the verb are put after
it, in the simple tenses, and between the auxiliary and the
participle, in the compound tenses.
Sellemad) fotgte ber ©Stttrni/ Telemachus followed the
n?eld)e mit etnem #aufen junger goddess, who was encircled
The state of a mind op-
pressed with a sudden cala-
mity, is like that of the
fabulous inhabitants of the
newly-created earth, who,
when the first night came
upon them, supposedthat day
would never return.
yiymytyn umgeben war, uber
weldje fte etne ^opfldnge empor
ragte, gleid) rote etne groge @td;c
in etnem 28atbe ttjre butten
3tt>etge uber alle anbre 23dume,
tt>eld)e fte umgeben, empor tybt.
@r berounberte ben ©lanj
tfyrer ©d)6nt)eit/ ben retd)en
^purpur tfyreS langen mallenben
JUetbeS, i^jre nad)ldgtg/ aber mit
©ra^te ^jinten aufgefnupften
tbaare/ ba$ geuer, n>eld)eS au3
ifyren 2Cugen jtrat)lte, unb bte
©anftmutlj, tucldjc btefe Cebfjaf*
itgfett nttlberte.
3d) betrad)te btefen mddjttgen
SBau al§ ein £)en£ma( ber Un*
juldngltdjfeit menfd)lid)er ©es
nufje.
©te bereuten ir)re SBifjbegterbe,
tabelten bte 9lad)tdfngfett ber
SKegterung, beflagten ir;re Un=
by a crowd of young" nymphs,
among whom she was dis-
tinguished by the superioritv
of her stature, like the tower-
ing summit of a lofty oak,
seen, in the midst of a forest,
above all the trees which
surround it.
He admired the splendour
of her beauty, the rich pur-
ple of her long flowing robe,
her hair that was tied with
graceful negligence behind
her, and the vivacity and
softness which were mingled
in her eyes.
I consider this mighty
structure as a monument of
the insufficiency of human
enjoyments.
They repented their cu-
riosity, censured the negli-
gence of the government,
68
befonnenfyeit/ weldje eS tterabs
faumt fyatte fur etne SB3adf)e ju
forgen/ barren ftd) mele tfug*
funftSmittel burd) roeld)e ^e=
^uat)6 Skrtuft fydtte t>orgebeugt
roerben fSnneri/ unb befd)lojfen,
bag fDtogltcfye fur beren SBieberers
langung gu rtjun/ obwo^t !etner
erroag SrcecfmdfngeS ausfinbtg
madjen lonntc.
£)er getgenbaum/ ber Delbaum/
ber ©ranatenbaum unb alle
anbere SSdume bebecften bag
£anb/ unb btlbeten einen grofien
©arten baraug.
@r benmnberte tie gute ^olijet
btefer ©t&bte > bie ©ered)ttgtett/
roetdje sum SSeften beg ^rmen
gegen ben SKetcfyen gefyanbrjabt
nurb, bte gute (grstefyung ber
&tnber/ tretd)e man §um ©efyors
fam,§ur 2Crbett/ §ur tftuerjiernfyeit,
5ur £tebe ber ^unfte unb SBiffen^
fd)afien geroSfynt; tie genaue
33eobad)tung aller SHeltgion£ge=
brdudje 5 bte Unetgennu^tgMt,
bte (Sfyrbegterbe/ bte Sreue gegen
bte SDlenfdjen unb bte gurd)t fur
bte ©otter/ tt>eld)e jeber Qaufc
sater fetnen $inbern etnflopt.
^alppfo t)6rte mtt SSerroun*
berung fo weifc SSorte. £BaS
it>r am meijten gejtefyl/ xvatf ba$
Seiemad) offenfyerstg bte gefyier
erjd^lte; tr-eicfye er auS Ueber=
etlung begangen fyatte/ unb roett
er nidjt folgfam gegen ben tueifen
Mentor geir-efen n?ar. ©te fanb
einen (Sbelfinn unb etne beroun*
lamented their own rashness,
which had neglected to pro-
cure a guard, imagining many
expedients by which the loss
of Pekuah might have been
prevented, and resolved to do
something for her recovery,
though none could find any-
thing proper to be done.
The fig, the olive, the
pomegranate, and all other
trees, overspread the plain,
and gave it the appearance
of a large garden.
He admired the good police
of those towns ; the justice
that was exercised in favour
of the poor against the rich;
the good education of the
children, who were trained
to obedience, labour, sobriety,
the love of arts and literature ;
the exact observance of all
the ceremonies of religion ;
the contempt of private inter-
est; the desire of reputation ;
the fidelity towards their fel-
low-subjects, and the rever-
ence for the gods, which
every father carefully culti-
vated in his children.
Calypso listened with as-
tonishment to words so full
of wisdom. What delighted
her the most was to see that
Telemachus ingenuously re-
lated the mistakes he had
made through precipitation
and untractableness towards
the wise Mentor ; she dis-
69
covered unusual strength and
dignity of mind in this young
man, who accused himself?
and appeared to have pro-
fited so well by his impru-
dences, to become wise, pro-
vident, and temperate.
A propitious wind already
swelled our sails, our oars
cut through the foaming
waves, the vast sea was cover-
ed with ships, the mariners
sent forth shouts of joy, the
shores of Egypt fled far from
us, the hills and mountains
gradually became level.
We now began to see only
sky and water, whilst the
rising sun appeared to strike
his sparkling flames out of
the bosom of the sea; his
beams gilded the summit of
the mountains, which we
still discovered in some mea-
sure upon the horizon ; and
the whole face of heaven,
painted with a deep azure,
promised us a prosperous
voyage.
Rule. — £)urfem fonnetv Iaffen, mogen, muffen/ follem roerben,
tpolteti/ and all verbs, in general, the principal use of which
is to limit the tenses and moods of other verbs, govern the
infinitive,
bernSwurbtge (Seetengto^e bet
btefem 3ungltnge/ rcetdfcer ftd)
felbjr antlagte, unb ber feine
Unoorftd)ttg£etten fo roofyl benu^t
§atte, urn metfe, porftcfytig unb
gemdjngt 511 roerben.
(Sin gunfttger 2£tnb firoellte
fd)on unfere Kegels tie £Kuber
burd)fd)mtten bte fd)dumenben
fSSellen ; t>a$ vrefte 5CReer rcar
mtt @d)tffen bebec£t> bte (See?
ieute jaud)$ten$ bte egpptifdjen
Ufer flotjen mit son uns 1 #itgel
unb S3erge nmrben nad) unb nad)
eben.
9tun fingen n>iv an nur #tms
mel unb SBaffer gu fcijeri/ xvafc
renb bte aufgefyenbe (Sonne tfyr
funfelnbeSgeuer au§ bemSd)oofje
be§ SfteereS fyeraufftetgen lief.
3f)ve ^trafylen sergolbeten bte
@pt£en ber SSerge/ tt?eld)e ttrir
nod) etn trentg am £ortgonte
fa^en; unb ber £immet, mtt
einem bunfeln SBlau bemafytt/
cerfytejj un6 etne gltotcfye ©djtff*
fatjrt.
£)te serfd)tebenen handle/
tt?eld)e btefe Snfein Mlbeten,
fdbienen auf bem £anbe gu fcfyers
gen* etntge ttdlgten tfjr flared
Staffer, mtt grower 8d)nellig!eit
fort a anbere tnelten etn jttttes
The various streams which
formed these islands seemed
to revel in the plain ; some
rolled along in translucent
waves, with a tumultuous
rapidity ; some just moved
70
unb faft fxefyenbeS Gaffer, nod)
anbere famen/ burd) tt?eite Urn*
tuege, jurM/ a(^ urn §u itjrer
£Ute(Ie gurucr. ?;u jretgen/ unb
fd)tenen biefe gaubenfd)en ©e?
ftabe ntdjt oetlaffcn §u fon*
nen.
Selemad) antroortete feuf^enb:
CSfyer m5gen mid) bte ©otter um=
Somtnen i a f f c n> ate juge*
ben; ba§ SGBeibKcfefett unb SBSol*
luft fid) metne£ ^er^enS bemet*
ftern. 9letn, netn/ Ulpffeg (Sofyn
arirb nk burd) bte SKei^e etneS
niebrtgen unb wetbtfdjcn £eben§
ubentnmben roerben ! 2Cber
tpetd)e ©unjt beg £tmmel§ fyat
un§ nafy unferm ©djtffbrudjc
btefe ©Sttinn ober btefe (Sterb^
ltd)e fin ben la f fen/ bte
unS mit 2Bor;ltr;un ubet^auft ?
3Me Sugenb tft bunf el^aft 5
fie traut ftdt) 2£Ue$ ju ; obgletd)
fdwad), glaubt fte 2ttteS §u
£ 6 n n e n unb md)t§ b e f u r d)^
ten 5 u b u r f e n ; fte traut
(eidjtftnntng unb oipne SSorftdjt.
(£r wracbtcte mid) al$ etnen
(d)u?ad)en getnb/ abcr ot)ne mtc^
burd) fetne erjraunltcbe (Starte
nod) burd) fein tmibeS unbraufyeg
2tnfe£)en irre m a d) e n § u I a f=
fen/ ftteg id) metne £an$e gegen
fetne SSruft/ unb mad)te/ bag er
(Strome fdjroargen SBluteS au&=
fpte/ alS er ben ($5etjr aufgab.
Ulpffeg/ metn Sater, war einer
ber Bornefymften Jtbntge/ weld)e
biefe ©tabt gerftout fyaben;
er fcfywetft auf alien SCfteeren
along a dormant stream ;
and others, after a long cir-
cuit, turned back, as if they
wished to issue again from
their source, and were unable
to quit this enchanted place.
Telemachus, sighing, an-
swered : May the gods de-
stroy me, rather than suffer
effeminacy and voluptuous-
ness to enslave my heart !
No ! the son of Ulysses shall
never be overcome by the
charms of an indolent effi uri-
nate life. But what favour of
heaven has directed us, after
our shipwreck, to this goddess,
or this mortal, who loads us
with benefits ?
Youth is presumptuous ;
it promises (expects) all
things from itself; and,
though frail, it believes it
can compass every thing, and
has nothing to fear ; it light-
ly and incautiously confides.
He despised me as a feeble
enemy ; but, regarding nei-
ther his prodigious strength,
nor the fierceness of his de-
meanour, I thrust my lance
against his breast, and made
him vomit torrents of black
blood, as he gave up the
ghost.
Ulysses, my father, was
one of the chief kings who
destroyed that city ; he is
now a fugitive on the deep,
71
berum, cbne He 3nfel 3tyafa#
fcin jlonigteicb/ nneber ft n b e n
ju f 6 nn e n.
Sftktne ©anftmufy meine
(§5ebulb/ metne ©enauigfeit, be-
fdnfttgten audi enbltd) ben grau=
famen 93utt§, bee uber tie ant em
Sflcr:en ©etsalt batte/ unb mid)
anfangS b>atte qudlen rootle n.
©Ittcflid) jtnb bie, raeidbe itjr
SBergnugen bet bem Unterricbte
finben/ unb tie tfcren ©eift gerne
burcb SBtjfenfdjaften auSbifben.
2Cn H>eld)en Drt ka$ feinbltcr-e
©efdutf fie audi ^inwirfa fo
baben fte allcjjett etrcaS bei ftcb/
roomtt Jlc |td) u n t e r I) a 1 1 e n
15 n n c n# unb tie Sangetretie/
n;eld)e anbere 9Jlenfd>en mitten
unter £uftbarfetten petmgt, ijt
benen unbefannt, ttelcre (id) mil
Sefen gu befebafttgen trnjen.
©lucfticb ftnb bie/ tteld)? gerne
Xefen/ unb ntcbt it>tc icb, bQ$ Sefen
entbetyren muff en.
3d) bitte ben SftorpfeeuS/
feinen angene^mfrcn Saubec auf
3t)re muben 2Cugenlteber au3;u=
fenutten ; einen gottltd}en £unft
in Sbre muben ©iteber fliefjen
iu laffen, unb Sjjnen leic^te
Srdume gu fducfen,. weld&e urn
©te tjerum gaufeln, 3fyre £inne
burd) bie lacbenbfren SStlber er*
go^en/ unb alle§ con Sfynen cer=
febeutfen, rcaS 8ie ju fdnelt
a u f to e c! e n ! 6 n n t e.
3nbem Qftentor biefe SBcrte
fpracK nabm er tyn bet ber
£anb, unb fu^rte itjn nad) bem
unable to reach Ithaca, which
is his kingdom.
My meekness, patience,
and diligence, at length ap-
peased the cruel Butis, who
was in authority over the
other slaves, and had at first
wished to torment me.
Happy are those who take
pleasure in instruction, and
delight in cultivating their
minds with knowledge !
Whithersoever adverse for-
tune may throw them, still
thev carrv about them suffi-
cient to entertain themselves;
and the uneasiness which
preys upon other men, even
in the midst of pleasure, is
unknown to those who can
employ themselves with a
book. Happy are they who
are fond of reading, and who
are not, like myself, obliged
to forego it !
May Morpheus shed his
most benign influence on
your closing eye-lids, and
diffuse an ambrosial vapour
through your fatigued limbs !
May he send the most de-
lightful dreams to play around
you ; fill your imagination
with the most pleasing ideas,
and chase far from you what-
ever might awake you too
soon.
Saying these words. Men-
tor took him by the hand,
and pulled him towards the
72
shore. Telemachus followed
reluctantly, looking inces-
santly behind him. He kept
his eyes upon Eucharis, as
she was going still further
from him ; and, when he
could no longer see her face,
he surveyed her beautiful
hair tied negligently behind,
her garments wantoning in
the wind, and her noble gait.
Rule. — When twro or more infinitives, or participles,
depend on each other, that which is the first in English must
be put last in German. The verbs (efyen, fyoren, &c,
governing another verb, cannot be used in the participle,
but must always remain in the infinitive mood.
Ufer. Selemarf) fotgte nut ?D?irt)e,
intern ec tmmer ^urucf fat). (Sr
betrad)tete (Suc^ariS, roeld)e ftd)
entfernte. £>a er tfyr @eftd)t
ntdbt fefyen I onnte, fo befafy er
ifyrefcfyonen aufgebunbenen#aare/
tyz roaltenbeg &tetb unb tfyren
ebeln @ang. (£r batte tr;re
gugfrapfen Ififfcn mo gen.
Setemacb ernrieberte tfyr : £>
©ie/ rcer ©ie aud) fetn mogen,
etne ©terblid}e ober eine ©otttnn,
obfdion man ©te nur fur cine
©otrfyett fatten !ann/ roenn man
@te anbltcft, follten ©ie unemps
finblid) bei bem Unglucfe etneS
©ofyneS fcirt/ rcelcber/ ber 95MUs
!ut)r ber SSinbe unb SSogen au^=
gefefct/ fetnen £$ater auffudjt/ unb
fetn ©d)tf an ben gelfem weldie
3t)re Snfel umgeben/ §at f d) e U
tern f e i) e n ?
£>iefe S3etrad)tungen ftellte i^
in meinem Unglutfe an, unb id)
rief writ alle§ ins ($5ebad)tmg
jurutf/ wag id) ben Mentor tjatte
f a g e n % 6 r e n.
Whoever you are, replied
Telemachus, whether a mor-
tal or a goddess, although
from your appearance, one
can only take you for a di-
vinity, should you be un-
moved by the misfortune of
a son, who, in quest of his
father, exposed to winds and
seas, has seen his ship split
against the rocks which sur-
round your island ?
These are the reflections
which I made in my misfor-
tune, and I recalled to mind
every thing that I had heard
Mentor say.
Rule. — The German infinitive is usually preceded by the
preposition gu/ when it simply expresses the object of an
action ; and, when it more particularly denotes the aim and
intention of an action, in addition to the above preposition,
73
the verb requires the particle um, which is always separated
from §u by the case of the verb in the infinitive mood,
2Btr fatten fctemltd) tange
etnen gunjtigen SQStnb/ u m nadi
©tctlten 5 u fcfyiffen ; aber nad)=
^er oerbarg etn bujterer ©turm
tin £immel oor unfern 2Cugen
unb rote wurben in etne ttefe
9la$i etngefyuilt.
£>te Jtontge,#eld)e nur barauf
bebad)t ftnb/ fid) gefurd)tet §u
feroen unb bte tyre Unteri^anen
brMen/ um fie unterttmqtger
§ u mad)en/ ftnb bte (Set£etn beg
Sftenfd)engefcl)ted)t§. ©te tt)er-
ben gefurdjtet/ rote fte e§ few
it?otlen, aber fte rcerben gefjajjt
unb t>erab(d)eut/ unb fie fyaben
Don tfyren Untertfyanen nod) mel)r
alg biefe Don tynen p bei'urd)ten.
V\Te had for some time a
favourable wind for going
to Sicily; but afterwards a
black tempest deprived our
eyes of the sight of heaven,
and we were enveloped in
darkness.
Kings who are only studi*
ous to make themselves
dreaded, and to oppress their
subjects, in order to render
them more servile, are the
scourges of the human race;
they are feared as they desire
to be, but they are hated and
detested ; and they have more
reason to fear their subjects
than their subjects have to
fear them.
Sesostris neither despised
nor rejected any person, and
thought that he was a king
only to do good to all his
subjects, whom he loved as
his children.
The gods have sent you
for the purpose of delivering
us ; 1 expect no less from
your valour than from the
wisdom of your counsel ;
hasten, therefore, to assist
us.
Rule. — Adjectives, and participles considered as adjec-
tives, are in German, as in English, placed before the sub-
stantives which they modify or qualify.
£)te brutlenben £d)jen The lowing oxen and the
unb bte b { 6 ! e n b e n ©djafc bleating sheep came crowd-
©efojms. cerad)tete ntemanb
unb ttrieS ntemanben juriitf 5 er
glaubte nur bagu £6mg § u fetn/
u m alien fetnen Unterttjancn*
vozl&t er trie fetne Winter ttcbte,
@uteg 5 u erroetfen.
£ie ©otter b,aben eud) fyte^er
gefd)icrt, u m ung 5 u retten ; id)
erroarte son eurer Sapferfett
md)t rcentger ati Don bcr £SetS=
l>ett eures SRatfyeS, eilet un3
betjuftefyen.
74
famen fyattfenumfe/ uetltegen
bte f e tt en 2Setben unb fonnten
ntcfit ©tctUe genug ftnben/ urn
unter £)bka$) §u fommen. SJJlan
i)5rte oon alien (Setten ein
oerworreneS ©erdufd) son
£euten/ rcelcfye fid) fortfttefkn/
n>eld)e fid) nidjt oerfte^en fonnten;
tueldje in btefem SBSirrmarr etnen
gremben fur etnen greunb an=
fafyen unb roelcfye liefen/ ofyne §u
wiffen rcofyin. 2Cber bte 23 o r^
n e t) m ft e n ber &abt> roeldje
fid) fur flfiger t)telten/ aU bte
anbern, biibeten fid) ein/ SCRentor
fei ein 23etruget'/ ber eine fat?
f d> e SSeUfagung Qtmafyt §abzf
ing in from their luxuriant
pastures, and could not find
stabling enough to get under
cover. Noise and tumuh
were heard on all sides of
people pressing to get in,
who could not understand
one another. In this confu-
sion some took an unknown
individual for their friend,
and ran about, not knowing
whither. But the principal
men of the city, fancying
themselves wiser than the
rest, looked upon Mentor as
an impostor, who had framed
a false prediction to save his
life.
urn fetn £eben §u retten.
Rule. — A genitive case, governed by a substantive, or
an adjective, with the article ber/ bte/ ba$f may be placed
indifferently before or after the substantive by which it is
governed.
Urn bte Sflfttttel, ba$ v£per§ beS
SunglingS (or beS 3ungttngS
£erg) ju rutjren/ bejto beffer §u
fennen/ fragte fie tynt auf u>eld)e
2Crt er ©djiffbrud) gelttten fyabe,
unb burd) n>eid)e SSorfdtle er an
ike $ufte gefommen fei.
©ein @ie benn ber xo u r==
hx§i © o fy n b e 6 Utr;ffe6 unb
§etgen ©te ein £er§/ baS grower
ift/ al§ alleS Unglucf / roeld)e§ ©te
bebrofyt.
£)te Unter tfyanen be 6 2Cce=:
fieS^burd) ?ft£ntorS S3et'
fptel unb SSefefyle angefeuert/
betrtefen- etne Sapferfetr, beren
fie ftd) nidjt fafc)tg glaubren.
In order the better to dis-
cover the means by which
she might affect the young
man's heart, she asked him
how he had been wrecked,
and what accident had thrown
him upon her island.
Act, therefore, in a man-
ner worthy of the son of
Ulysses, and show that you
have a heart superior to all
the ills which threaten you.
The subjects of Acestes.
encouraged by Mentor's ex-
ample and words, felt within
a vigour of which they
thought themselves incapa-
ble.
75
Rule. — When a word that depends on an infinitive is
explained or determined by an incidental proposition, such
proposition may be placed either before or after the infini-
tive.
Raum fyattz id) btefe . SBerte
au3ge[prod)en/ aU ba$ gange
fSol! aufgebra&t auSrtef, man
muffe ben ©ofyn btefeS graufamen
UtyffeS, bejfen SRdnfe tie ©tabt
Sroja jerftcd; fatten; umbrtn^
gen.
£> @o§n be6 UlgffeS ! fagte
mir 2Ccej?e§, id) fann 3t)t Slut
ben Sl^anen fo meler Zto\amvf
meldhe 3^ SSater an tie lifer beg
fdjmaqen £ocr;tuS gefturjt fyat/
nid)t r> e r f a g e n.
©o balb it>tr §u SORempfyiS/
€tner mdd)tigen unb practooUen
<Stabt ange!ommen waren/ befall
ber ©tabt^attet/ baf; rotr bte nad)
Sfyeben reifen follten, urn bem
Jtbmge ©efoftrte oorgcftetlt
5 u n> e r b e m bee bte (^adbe
felbft unterfud;en moltte unb ber
gegen bte &t)rer fe^r aufgebrad)t
tt>ar.
Scarcely had I spoken
these words when all the
people cried out in a rage,
The son of this cruel Ulys-
ses, whose artifices have
overthrown the city of Troy,
must be put to death.
O son of Ulysses ! said
Acestes to me, I cannot re-
fuse your blood to the manes
of so many Trojans, whom
your father has prematurely
hurled to the banks of the
black Cocytus.
As soon as we had arrived
at Memphis, a rich and
magnificent city, the gover-
nor gave orders that we
should go to Thebes, to be
presented to king Sesostris,
who would examine things
himself, and who was greatly-
incensed against the Tyrians.
Rule. — When two or more infinitives, or participles,
depend on each other, that which is the first in English
must be put last in German.
S&eber defter, vreUten td) §u
g)r>log befiutte, nod) sERenelauS/
wetefcev mid) freunbfd)aftUd) in
Sacebdmon aufnatjm, fonnte
mir fagen/ ob mem SBater nod)
am Seben ware $ mube immer
in imi\ei unb Ungewiptyeit ju
Neither Nestor, whom I
saw at Pylosj nor Menelaus,
who received me kindly at
Lacedsemon, could tell me
whether my father was still
alive ; weary of living in
continual suspense and un-
76
leben> befcfytofj td) nad) Sicilten
&u fa^reit/ roo^iti/ rote id) getjotrt
batte, mein SSater turd) tie
SOStnbe roar u e r f d) I a 9 e n
ro or b e n.
3d) benu^te btefen 2Cufentfjalt,
um bte bitten ber bet alien be^
fannten STattonen [0 berufymten
^bontjier fennen § u ( e r^
n e n.
certainty, I resolved to go to
Sicily, whither I had heard
my father had been driven
by the winds.
I made use of this sojourn
to get to understand the
manners and customs of the
Phoenicians, so renowned in
all the nations of the earth.
Rule. — -The prepositions au§, aufkr/ bet/ &c, govern
the dative case ; burd), fur/ um, &c, govern the accu-
sative, and auf, Winter, an, &c, the dative and accusative
cases.
3d) berounberte bie gluctltdje
Sage btefcr grofjen <&tabif roelcbe
mitten tm SJleere auf etner
Snfet Uegr. £)te benad)bam
Mjte tft retjenb b u r d) tore
grud)tbarfett, burd) bte oortreffs
ud)en grud)te, roelcbe fie fyersor
brtngt, burd) bie stafyl ber Stable
unb £>6rfer, wetdjc fid) faffc be=
rufyrem unb enbltd) burd) tf)r
nrilbeS Silima ; benn bte Serge
fd)u|en ttefe 3tufte 9 c 9 e n bte
brennenben ©ubrotnbe/ unb ffe
rotrb burd) ben 9?orbrotnb/ roek
d)er uber§ SKeec blajr, erfrtfebt.
3Mefe$ £anb Itegt am gufk beg
SibanonS* beffen . ©tpfel bte 2BoU
fen sertfyetlt unb faffc bte Sterne
berufyrt ; gluffe son gefdjmolges
nem Sd)nee futrgen rote retgenbc
Strbme 0 0 n ben gelfen fyerab,
roeldtje fetne (Spige umgeben.
U n t e n fte^t man etnen roett*
Idufttgen 2Baib ucn uratten
3ebern, bte eben fo alt §u fetn
I admired the happy situ-
ation of this great city, which
is built upon an island in the
sea. The neighbouring coast
is attractive for its fertility,
the exquisite fruits it pro-
duces, its towns and villages,
which are almost contiguous
to each other ; and, lastly, for
the mildness of its climate,
for the mountains screen
this coast from the scorching
southern winds, whilst it is
refreshed by the north wind
that blows from the sea.
The country is at the foot of
Lebanon, the summit of
which penetrates the clouds
and touches the sky ; rivers
of melted snow descend
like torrents from the rocks
which surround its head.
Beneath is seen a vast forest
of aged cedars, that seem
coeval with the earth on
77
fcfjeinen alg tie (Srbe/ vo o r a u f
fte geppanjt (tnb# unb tie tyre
bicr-ten gtuet^e big § u ben
Sffiolfen ftrecfen. SDiefer SBalb
bat untet fetnen gufsen am 2fe
^jange bee SBergeS fctte 23tet)metben/
morauf brfiUenbe Sttere unb
blofente Senate £}erum gefyen/
mtt t^ren barren a u f bem
©cafe t>upfenben ftdmmern 5
bort fltegen taufenb §3ad)e son
flarem Gaffer.
©hblidj, unter btefen gBeiben/
fte£)t man ben gug be>S Merges
qletd) etnem ©anen 5 grueling
unb £erbjr ^errfdjen £)ier 3 us
g(etd)/ unb brtngen Sttumen unb
grucbte t}en>or. 9?ie r)at ber
oerpeftete £aud) beg (SubnrinbeS/
ber alleg ausrreefnet unD Der*
brennt, nod) ber ftrenge 9?orb=
winb/ tie tebfyaften garbert/ meld;e
btefen ©arten giereiv d e 1 1 6*
f d) e n ! 6 n n e n.
S5 e t btefer fct]6nen Hujre
fteigt bte Snfel, roorauf tie 3rabt
Zx)im gebaut £ft# a u g bem
Sfteere. £)tefe gro§e &tabt
febetnt auf bem SBafier gu fdjaum?
men/ unb bte $onigtmi beg
gangen 50teere§ gu fetn. £auf=
leute aug alien SSeltt^eilen
tanben bafelbft; unb itjre SBes
moaner f e I b ft fi'nb tie fcerufyms
tefren ^aufieure in ber SBelt,
££enn man in biefe (Stabi tritt,
fo glaubt man anfangg/ eg
fel I e i n e etnem befenbern
SSolfe 5tiget)6rtge ©tabt, fc
which they grow, and bear
their spreading branches to
the clouds. At the foot of
this forest are rich pastures,
on the declivity of the moun-
tain. Here are seen the
bellowing bulls wandering
up and down, and the bleat-
ing ewes, with their tender
lambkins, skipping about
in the grass ; there flow a
thousand streams of purest
water.
Finally, below these pas-
tures appears the foot of the
mountain, like a garden ;
here spring and autumn reign
both together, producing
fruits and flowers. Never
has either the pestilential
blast of the south wind, which
dries and burns up every
thing, or the chilling north
wind, been able to blot out
the lively colours which
adorn this garden.
Not far from this beautiful
coast, rises in the sea the
island on which the city of
Tyre is built. This power-
ful city seems to swim above
the waves, and to be the
queen of all the sea. Mer-
chants from every part of
the globe land there, and its
own inhabitants are the most
renowned merchants in the
world. When you first enter
this city, you would not take
it for a place belonging to
any particular people, but
h 3
78
etr.e alien 936lfern gemeinfdjaft*
itd)c ©tabt unb bee Sftittelpunft
ifyresS £anDel§. (gte t}ac gwei
grope £)amme, roelcfye ftd), gteid)
langen 'tfrmen/ t n ba§ SQZeec
erftrecfen/ unb einen nmtiduftigen
£afen einfaffen/ tueld)er 9 e g e n
bie 2$inbe gefd)u£t tjr. 3>n btes
fern £afen fiefyi man gleid)[am
etnen SBalb ooti ©djipmajien/
unb biefc ©djiffe ftnb fo gal)l«
retd)/ bap man faum ba£ SReer/
welches fie trdgt, entbedien !ann.
2CUe burger legen fidtj a u f ben
Jpanbel, unb ifyre grojsen Sfceicfys
tfyumer oerurfadjen bod) b e i
ifynen feinen Uebevbrup g e g e n
tie nottjige Tlxhtit, )& §u oer-
mefyren. Uebcrali ftefyt man tie
feine eggptifdje Setnmanb/ unb
ben sroetmal gefdrbten t*)rtfdcn
^ucpu-c oon etnem berounbern^
uniroigen ©lange 5 biefc boppelte
garbe i)z fo iebfyaft/ bap bie peit
fte ntd)t oerbleid)en farm, man
bebtent ftd) hewn 511 ber feinen
SBoUe/ treiu e man m i t einec
@titferei Don ®olb ivab (Sitber
ert)6t)t. £)ie ^onijict fyanbeln
m i t alien 836lfern big §u ber
^eerenge ©ateS (olabt$) unb
fie ftnb fogar in hen gropen
Djean gebrungen/ u?eld)ec bie
gan&e @rbe umgibt. Bk fyabtn
lange (Seereifen a u f tern rotten
2J£eete gemacfyt/ unb a u f biefem
2£ege fyoien fie ©olb/ 2Bei^
raud) unb oevfd)teeene anber=
wans unbelannte Sfyiere.
3d) fonnte mid) an bem
rather to be a city common
to all nations, and the centre
of their commerce. It has
two large mounds, which,
like long arms, advancing
into the sea, form a vast har-
bour, impervious to the
winds. In this harbour you
see as it wrere, a vast forest
of masts, and the ships are
so numerous that you can
hardly see the sea which
bears them on its bosom.
All the citizens betake them-
selves to trade, and yet their
vast possessions never cause
them to grow tired of the
labour necessary to increase
. their store. There, in all
quarters, you see the fine
Egyptian linen, and the Ty-
rian purple twice dyed, and
of a wonderful brightness.
This double tincture is so
strong, that time itself cannot
destroy it. They make use
of it upon the finest cloth,
set off with gold and silver
embroidery. The Phoeni-
cians trade with all nations,
as far as the straits of Gades
(Cadiz) ; and they have
even proceeded into the vast
ocean that surrounds the
earth. They have also made
long voyages on the Red Sea,
and thither they go in quest
of gold, perfumes, and va-
rious animals, not known
elsewhere.
I could not sufficiently
79
admire the magnificent sight
of this great city, where
every thing was in motion .
I did not see there, as in the
towns of Greece, idle inqui-
sitive men. going to the pub-
lic places in quest of news,
or to gaze at strangers who
arrive in the port.
majcjiaitf&n Sdbaufpiete btefer
©rabt/ roo allcg in SBeroeaung
roar/ ntcht fatt fefyen. 3d) fab
r)ier ntcht/ rote in ben gried)ifd)en
©tdbtetn mCtjnge unb neugiertge
Seure/ toeldje a u f ben offents
Xtdben 3>la$en n a c§) 9£eutg£eiten
tyafctyen unb tie tm |>afeti an=
fommenben gremben begaffen.
Rule. — The verbs $aben and fetn are often understood
after a participle, and, when several verbs or participles
occur in the same sentence, the auxiliary verb is not re-
peated, but is placed alone at the end of the sentence.
$Ran fat) babet fein anbereS There no other viands
gleifdv al§ vow £36geln/ roeld.e were seen but the flesh of
birds which they had taken
in nets, or of animals which
they had killed with their
arrows in the chase,
I seek my father upon all
the seas ; if I can neither
find him, nor return to my
native country, nor avoid
thraldom, take from me that
life which is intolerable to
me.
I see indeed, answered he?
O stranger, that the gods,
who have granted you so
small a share of the favours
of fortune, have bestowed on
you a portion of wisdom that
is more valuable than all
prosperity in the world.
The officer to whom the
king had committed the exa-
mination of our case, had a
soul as corrupt and crafty as
Sesostris was sincere and
generous.
jie in 9te§en gefangen; ober ton
Sfyteren/ roetcbe fie auf ber 3sQb
nut tr-ren pfetlen erlegt fatten.
3d) fudje metnen SSater auf
alien SDReereni unb roenn id) tfyn
nidjt ftnben, nodi in metn SSater^
lanb §uructiet)ven/ nod) tie S!ia-
Derawrmeften t a n n, fo netymen
(£te mtr ba$ Seberi/ trelcl;e^ mir
unertrdgltd) ifi.
3d) fel;e xvol)h aniroertete zx,
£) grembling/ ta% tie ©otter/
roeldje ©ie fo fd;led)t mtt ©Lucres
gutern oerferjen I) a b e n, Stynen
etne SOBeutyett gegebeit/ treUte
fdja^barer tfr, alUUer SBofyljtanb.
£er SBeamfe/ roeld^m ber
£5ntg bte Unterutd;ung unferer
&cd)t aufgetrogeti/ f) a 1 1 e cine
zbm fo oerbcrbene unb t)inter=
lifttge @eele/ a is @fefoftri§ auf*
ridjttg unb grofmutfjtg roar.
80
Mentor ergd^tte mir in ber Mentor has since told me,
golge, ba$ man tyxi an 2i"etr;ioper that they sold him to some
oerfauft unb er btefe in ifyr Ethiopians, whom he accom-
SSaterlanb begleitet fy a b e. panied into their own country.
Rule. — There is a necessary correlation between certain
conjunctions^ so that when the first part of a sentence, or
the antecedent, begins with one, the second part, or the
consequent, begins with its correlative.
SBenn ba$ UnglucB beg jtmgen If the misfortunes of young
Selcmad)/ roeldjer me bte SSaffen Telemachus, who has never
gegen bte Srojaner gefufyrt tyatt
<Sie nicbt bewegen tar\n, f o mug
@ic roemgften6 3$r eigner &or=
tfyeil rufyren.
2B e b e r 9tefior, weld-en i&)
§u Stylos befudjte/ nod) Splen^
laus, rc-eld-er mid) freunbfdbafts
ltd) in Sacebdmon aufnafym,
f onnten mtr fagen ob mein SSater
nod) am Seben ware.
^ a u m rcaren mtr an ba$
Ufer gefommen, aU bie @tn*
wofyner glaubten wtr wdren
e n t m e b e r anbere 236l£er
ber Snfel/ weldje fid) bewaffnet
fatten/ urn fie ju uberfatlen,
o b e r grembc/ weldje fid) ibrer
Sdnbereien bemdduigen woilten.
2B e n n ber Summer uber
unfere ©efangenfdbaft un$ nid)t
gegen alleS Sergnugen unemp=
finbtid) gemacfct 'cdtte, f o tuurben
wir bte je§ frudjtbare @gx)ptenlanb/
raeidicS gleid) etnem anmutfyigen
©arten son einer unjdt)tbaren
Sttenge handle bewdffert xoixbt
mix £uft betracbtet fyaben.
Seben Sag §u gewiffen <2tun^
h^n t)6rte er Meienigen oon fei*
nen Untenfyanen an, roeldje tym
borne arms against the Tro-
jans, cannot move you, at
least let your own interest
do so.
Neither Nestor, whom I
saw at Pylos, nor Menelaus,
who received me kindly in
Lacedsemon, could tell me
whether my father was still
alive.
Hardly were we on the
shore, when the inhabitants
thought we were either some
other people of the island
armed to surprise them, or
strangers who intended to
seize on their country.
If the grief arising from
our captivity had not render-
ed us insensible to all plea-
sures, our eyes would have
been delighted with the sight
of the fruitful land of Egypt,
which resembled a beautiful
garden, watered by an infi-
nite number of canals.
Every day he listened at
certain hours, to all his sub-
jects who had either com-
81
entroebeu jvlagen oorgutra^
gen o b e r 2krid)te abguftatten
fatten.
SBenn er ben gan^en Sag
gearbeitet t)atte/ tie ©efdjdfte &u
orbnen unb genaue ©erecfettgfeit
^u oernjolten/ fo ert)oite er
ftd) beg 2Cbenbg/ t n b e m er
gelet)rten SQRcinnern jutyorte, obec
ftd) mit ben redjtfdjaffenften
Seuten unterrebete/ roeldje er
fet)r gut auggtm>at)len oerftanb,
urn fte §u feiner &5ertrautid)£ett
gujulaffen.
Rule. — The infinitive mood, separable prepositions, and
past participles, are placed at the end of their own mem-
ber of the sentence. The verb is usually placed at the
end of the sentence, as the word which more particularly
determines the sense of the phrase.
plaints to make or advice to
give to him.
After he had employed
the whole day in administer-
ing impartial justice, he con-
versed in the evening, by way
of relaxation, with the wisest
and best of his subjects,
whom he knew well how to
select, in order to admit them
to his familiarity.
©g tji 3ett, jagte fte $u tfym/
ba$ ©te nari) fo otelen 93iut)e=
feltgfettcn tie 2£nnefymltd)fetten
beg ©d)fofe§ g e n t e § e n. $kz
fyaben <&k mdjtS gu f u r d) t e n ;
alieg ijl Sfynen gimjitg.
£>a id) bti ten (5i)pnern xvaxf
beren ©ttten id) md)t ! a n n t e,
fo befd)loJ3 i6) § u f d) w e t g c n,
anb alle Sfcegeln beg 2Cnftanbeg
§ u b e o b a d) t e n, urn tfyre
2Cd)tung 3 u g e tt)i n n e n.
2Cnfang§ empfanb id) 2Cbfd)eu
gegen alleg wag id) f a I) ; unoer^-
mcrCt aber png id) a n mid)
baran 5 u geroStyncn.
3d) glid) ettiem Sftenfcfyen/
ipelcber in etnem ttefen unb rei=
Lenten (Strome fdjwimmtj
It is time for you, said
she to him, to go and enjoy
the sweets of sleep after so
many labours. You have
nothing to fear here ; every
thing is in your favour.
As I wras in company with
the Cyprians, whose manners
I did not understand, I re-
solved to be silent, to notice
everything that passed, and to
observe all the rules of pru-
dence, in order to gain their
esteem,
At first I was horror-
struck with every thing I saw,
but I insensibly began to get
accustomed to it.
I was like a man swim-
ming in a deep and rapid
river ; at first he dashes the
82
anfang§ burd)fd)neibet er ba$
£Bajfer unb fdjwimmt gegen ben
@trom a n 5 aber menu tie Ufer
fieit f t n b/ menn er am ®eftabe
ntd)t auSrufyen I a n n# er^
mubet er enbiid) nad) unb nad)/
fetne £raft t>erldft ifyn, fetne
muben ©Iteber erjiarren/ unb ber
(Strom re if t ifyn fort.
Jtaum $at id) fo g e r e b e t,
alS mein <Sd)mer§ gelinber murbe
unb metn £>er§/ son etner ti)6^
ridjtcn Setbenfdjaft b e r a u f d) t,
faft atle ©dbam a b I e 9 1 e 5 barm
murbe id) nneber in einen 2Cb^
qrunb son ©emiffen^biffen ges
fturgt.
£)tefe greube war son iener
anbern roetdjltdjen unb tetdbtfer=
ttgen greube,. toomit meine (gtnne
anfangS maren oergtffet to 0 r^
ben/ fefyr serfdneben ; Me eine
tfi eine greube/ treldje ber Sruns
fentjeit unb (Stnne^errutung
g t e i d) t/ unterbrocfyen oon ra[en=
ben Setbenfcfcaften unb nagenben
©enriffenSbtffen ; bte anbte ijt
cine greube ber SSernunft/ meldhe
etma§ ^etiges unb £immltf&e§
an fid) !)at5 fte ift pets rein
unb ftd) qkid) 5 9ttd}t§ lann fte
erfd)5pfen; ) e m e t) r man
fid) tbr t) t n 9 1 b t/ be fro ffc
f er tfl; fte 5 fte entgucft bte ©eele/
ofyne fte § u beunrufytgen.
£)ann t)ergofj id) greubentfyranen/
unb id) fanb/ baj? nidjts fuper tffc
al6 fo su me in en.
(So j e t) r un£ bas £anb ber
Snfel (Sxvpern t>ernad)tafiigt unb
waves aside, and rises vigor-
ously against the stream ; but
if the banks are steep, and
he cannot find a place to
rest himself upon, he gradu-
ally gets tired, and at length
his strength forsakes him,
his exhausted limbs grow
stiff, and the stream carries
him away.
Scarcely had I spoken
thus, when my pain became
less poignant, and my heart,
intoxicated with a foolish
joy, almost shook off all
shame ; then I found myself
again plunged into an abyss
of remorse.
This joy was very different
from that loose and dissolute
joy which had poisoned my
senses ; one is the joy of
drunkenness and disorder,
interrupted by furious and
tormenting remorse ; the
other is a joy of reason, in
which there is something
heavenly and divine. It is
always pure and equal ; no-
thing can exhaust it ; the
deeper we drink of it, the
more agreeable is the taste.
It ravishes the soul, without
discomposing it. Then I
poured forth tears of joy,
and found that nothing was
sweeter than to weep in this
manner.
In the same degree that
the land of Cyprus had ap-
83
unangebaut gefcfytenen fyattt, peared neglected and uneul-
um fo mefyr geigte ftdj Siztta tivated, did Crete seem fer-
frud)tbar unb burcb tie Arbeit tile and adorned with all
femer S3en>ot)net mtt allerijanb kinds of fruits, through the
grud)ten g e f d) m u ct t. labour of the inhabitants.
Rule. — The Germans agree, generally, with the English
in the use of the indicative and subjunctive moods, the sense
requiring, in both languages, the indicative where the verb
denotes any thing that is determined and certain, and the
subjunctive, where any thing contingent or doubtful is ex-
pressed.
This rule is general, and, consequently, not without ex-
ception ; the sentences which follow contain exemplifications
both of the rule and of some of its exceptions.
£)er Dowefymjte btefer ©retfe The most distinguished
6 f f n e t e ba$ @efe§bud) beg among these old men, opened
SDRtnog. £)teg war em grofkS
S3ud)/ tt>eld)e§ man geroofynltd)
in etnem golbenen mtt rootylne*
d)enbem 9fcaud)tt>erf angefutiten
Mftdien t) e r u> a i) r t e. 2CUe
btefe ©retfe I & $ t e n eg efyfs
furcfytgooll 5 berm fie f a g t e n,
bafj ndd)ft ben ©Sttew/ con
tt>elrf)en bte guten @efe£e $ e r^
f o m m e n, 9ttd)tS ben SCRenfcfyen
fo t)etltg fetn m u fv aU bicfe
©efege, beren S3eftimmung tjr
fie gut/ rceife unb glucf(td) §u
macfyen. SDtejenigen^ weldje bte
®efe|e in £cmben i) a b e n, urn
bte Golfer §u regieven/ m u f f e n
fid) feibjl oon ben ©efe^en re*
gteren laffen 5 term md)t ber
Sftenfd), fonbern bag ®efe§ f 0 1 1
regteren. £)teS war ber 2Cu§*
brutf btefer Sffietfen. £)ann
fd)lug berjentge, weldjer ben 3Sor=:
ft© tyatte, brei gragen uor,
the book of the laws of Minos.
It was a large book, which
they usually kept locked up
in a perfumed casket made
of gold. All these ancients
kissed it with great respect ;
for they said, that next to
the gods, from whom good
laws proceed, nothing ought
to be so sacred among men,
as those laws the intention of
which is to make them good,
wise, and happy. Those who
have the laws in their hands
for the purpose of governing
the people, ought always to
suffer themselves to be guided
by the law ; it is the law,
and not the man, that ought
to reign. This was the ex-
pression of these sages. Then
he who had the precedency
proposed three questions,
84
welcfie wad) btn ©runbfafcen beg
9Dfttno§ aufgcl61t werben foltten.
£>te crfre grage war tie/
wer ber freiejte non alien 9Jcens
fcfyen f e t. (ginige anttuo v=
t e t e it/ eg radrc em .ftonig/
welder uber fetn SSotf etne un^
umfdjrSnlte ?0^adbt I) a x t e* unb
ftegretd) gegen alle feine getnbe
ware. 2£nbere b e fy a u p t e^
t e n, eg ware em @old)er/ ber
fo rctd) ware/ ba% er alle feine
fSSunfdbe befriebtgen fonnte.
2lnbere fagten/ eg ware ein
SORen(ci)/ wetdier ftd) md)t d e iv
!) e t r a 1 1) e t e unb ber fetn
gangeg £eben in uerfdnebenen
Sanbern umtjcr r e t f e t z, ofyne
ieboct) ben ©efefcen irgenb enter
Elation uitterworfen 5U (ein.
2£nbere ft e 11 1 e n ftd) 0 0 r, eg
ware ein SBarbar, welder t>on
ber 3agb mitten in SBalbern
libit, unb bat)er oon f enter
^oli^ei unb rcn £einen £3eburf=
ni fieri abfyange. 2Cnbere
g I a u b t e m eg w & r e ein fo
cben aug ber &iiawm befreieter
SDRenfdv weit er aug ber @trenge
ber £tenjtbarteit erloft/ mefjr
alg jeber anbere bte 2Cnne't)mlid)'
lett ber grctyett f d) m e d? t c.
sftod) anbere fatten ben (Sin-
fall gu befyaupten/ eg ware ein
©terbenber, weit ber Sob it;rt
yon atlem b e f r e t e/ unb alle
«0lenfd)en jufammen feine ©ewalt
mefyr uber tfyn fatten.
2116 bie €Heir;e an mid) lam,
£ 0 jf c t e eg mid) feine SDftutje
gu antworten/ weil id) bag/ wag
which were to be decided by
the maxims of Minos.
The first question was,
Who is the freest of all men ?
Some answered : that it was
a king who had an absolute
power over his people, and
had subdued all his enemies.
Others asserted that it was a
man so rich that he could
gratify all his wishes. Others
said, it was a man who did
not marry, and who travelled
all his life in different coun-
tries, without ever being
subject to the laws of any
nation. Others conceived
that it was a barbarian, who,
living by hunting in the
midst of the woods, was inde-
pendent of any government,
and subject to no sort of
want. Others believed it
was a man just set at liberty,
because coming out of the
hardships of servitude, he
enjoyed the sweets of free-
dom more than any other.
Others, again, maintained
that it was a dying man, be-
cause death freed him from
all trouble, and because all
mankind, together, had no
longer any power over him.
When it came to my turn,
I had no difficulty to answer,
because I had not forgotten
85
mtr Mentor fo oft gefagt ntd)t
uergeffen tyatte. £)er freteftc
von alien COlenfdjen/ antioortete
id), i ft berjemge/ metd)er tn bee
©flaoeret felbjt fret fetn I an n.
3n welcijem Sanbe unb tn roeldjem
©tanbe man aud) fetn m 6 g z,
fo ift man gan§ fret/ roenn man
tic ©otter f u r d) t e t/ unb jroar
nur fte alletn f u r d) t e t. SERit
etnem 2Borte; ber roafyrfyaft frete
SOlenfd) ift berjemge/ ber oon
alter gurd)t unb alter SSegterbe
entfernt/ nur ben ©ottern unb
fetner 23ernunft unterroorfen
i ft. £>te ©retfe f a I) e n ftd)
lacfeelnb an, unb raaren er=
ftaunt/ ka$ metne 2Cntwort ge=
rabe btejentge be§ fOltno§ war.
Rule. — Incidental sentences are placed immediately
after the word which they explain or modify. When there
is a concurrence of regimens, the personal pronouns in
regimen are put immediately after the verb of the subject.
Instead of the present participle, it is better, as well as
more elegant, to use the verb, with one of the particles
tnbem/ txx, roafyrenb/ nad)bem/ &c. Adverbs of time, and all
expressions which denote time, as well as adverbs of nega-
tion, are usually placed after the personal pronouns. In
placing several regimens, it is of less importance to consult
the brevity or length of each regimen in particular, than
the nearer or more remote connection which it may have
with the verb.
what Mentor had often
told me. The freest of all
men, I replied, is he who can
be free in slavery itself. In
what condition or country
soever a man is, he is per-
fectly free if he fears the
gods, and only them. In a
word, the man who is truly
free, is he who, being disen-
gaged from all dread and all
anxious desire, is subject only
to the gods and his own rea-
son. The old men looked
at each other smiling, and
were surprised to find that
my answer was exactly that
of Minos.
2tbrajt/ beffen Sruppen be=
tradjtltd) jufammengefdjmoljen
xvaven, fyatte ftd) I) inter ben
£3erg 2Culon ^urutfge^ogen/ urn
metjrere £filf&>6lfcr gu erroarten/
unb bann feine getnbe nod) ein
Adrastus, whose troops
had been considerably di-
minished in the battle, had
posted himself behind Mount
Aulon, to wait for some re-
inforcements, and to try once
I
86
mat gu uberfallen; gtetd) einem
fyungrigen S6n?eri/ tselcfyer au3
einer (gdjdferet cerjagt roorben
if!/ mieber in tie bujtern SBdtber
unb in feine #5r;le gurucffefyrt/
wo er feine gatme unb feine
&tauen &e§r unb ben gunftigen
2£ugenbM ablauert; tie #eerben
gu entuivgen.
9t a d) b e m Selemad) bafur
geforgt fratte; im Sager eine
genaue $rieg§§ud)t eingurtd)ten,
n>ar er nur tarauf bebad)t^ ein
SSorfyaben au^ufufyren, rcelcbeS
er gefajjt tyatte/ unb ba$ er alien
#nfut)tern ber 2Crmee cer^eim^
lifytt. (S d) o n feit I a n g e
rourbe er all? yiad)ti burd)
Srdume beunrufytgt/ n?eld)e ifym
fetnen $ater Ult)ffe§ corftellten.
£>tefe$ liebe SSilb !am allegeit
gegen ba$ (Snbe ber Sftacfyt, efye
bie S£ftorgentott)e burd) tfyten
aufftetgenben @lan§ bie unbe=
jldnbtgen (Sterne com vgnmmel/
unb ben ftifjen (Sd)laf mit fetnen
flatternben Sraumen con ber
(Srbe certrieb. 25 a I b glaubte
er ben Ul^ffe§ nalt a u f einer
glucfltdjen Snfel a m Ufer etnes
gluffcg auf einer mit SSlumen
gefcfymucften UBiefe gu fet)en> um=
geben con Sj^mpfyen, n?eld)e
il)m $tetber g u feiner S3ebecf ung
guroarfen. S3 a I b glaubte er
ir;n in einem con (Mb unb dU
fenbetn gtdnjenben spatajfe reben
gu l)6ren/ a 0 9Jcenfd)en, roeldfce
mitSSlumen befrangt roaren, tfym
mtt^ergnugen unb SSemunberung
gufyorten. £ft erfcfyten tt)m
more to surprise the enemy ;
like a famished lion, which,
having been driven from a
sheepfold, returns again into
the gloomy forest, and re-
enters his den, where he
whets his teeth and his claws,
waiting for a favourable op-
portunity to destroy the flock.
Telemaehus, having intro-
duced a strict discipline
throughout the army, now
applied himself solely to exe-
cute a design which he had
conceived, and which he
concealed from all the com-
manders of the army. He
had already, for a considera-
ble time, been disturbed
every night by dreams which
placed his father Ulysses
before him. This dear image
always came towards the end
of the night, before Aurora,
with her dawming light, be-
gan to chase from the hea-
vens the wandering stars,
and from the earth gentle
sleep wTith his fluttering
dreams. Sometimes he fan-
cied he saw Ulysses naked
in one of the fortunate
islands, on the bank of a
river, in a meadow embel-
lished with flowers, amidst a
circle of nymphs, who were
throwing garments to him to
cover himself with. Some-
times he thought he heard
him talk in a palace glitter-
ing with gold and ivory,
87
UtyfieS p(o£ttd) auf ©ajfc
mctfern, m o greube u n t e r
(5rg5§ltd)t:etten fd)tmmerte# unb
mo man tie aiujenefymen Scne
etner (Stimme in SBegtettung einer
Setec t)6rtc/ me{d)e fanftcr mar
alS tie Seter be£ 2CpoIl§ unb bte
(Stimmen alter SDlufen.
Snbeffen brang ber ©o$n be€
Uti^jfegf mtt bem £)egen in ber
gaujr, in btefe fcr,rec?ttd)e gtnfter=
mg. SSalD bemerft er einen
fdbroadjen unb bunfeln (Shimmer/
fo true man beg 9t a d) 1 6 auf
ber (Srbe ftet>t. dt bemerft
Cetd)te ©djatten, meld)e tf)n urn?
pattern $ er entfernt fte mit
feinem £>egen. £)ann fter)t er
bte traurigen Ufer beg morajrtgen
glupeS/ befjen fdjlammtgeS unb
ftetyenbeS Sffiaffer fid) nur im
SBtrbel umbrefyt.
(£r entbecft an biefem ($ejrabe
etne gafyUofe 9Jlenge oon Sobten,
meldfce be$ SBegrabniffeS beraubt
ftnb/ unb (id) bem unerbttts
Ctdjen (Sharon uergeblid) barjteU
len. liefer ©ott, beffen emtgeS
2£lter ftets traurtg unb murrtfd),
aber soil Sebr;afttg!eit ift, jl6pt
fie gurucf, unb nimmt fogtetd)
ben jungen ©rtedjen in fetne
S3arle. 2Clg Setemad) fyinetn*
fiieg, t)6rte er bag ©eufjen etneS
(Sci}atteng/ roeldjer ftdr) ntd)t
troften fonnte.
where he was listened to
with pleasure and admiration
by men crowned with flowers.
Often Ulysses appeared to
him suddenly at festivals
where joy shone forth amidst
delights, and where you
might hear the soft harmony
of a voice accompanying a
harp, more melodious than
the harp of Apollo and the
voices of all the muses.
Meanwhile the son of
Ulysses, with his sword in
his hand, rushes into this
horrible darkness. Presently
he perceives a faint and
gloomy light, such as we see
in the night-time on earth.
He observes nimble ghosts
fluttering round him, and he
puts them away with his
sword. Shortly after he
espies the melancholy banks
of the marshy river, the foul
and sluggish waters of which
turn in a continual eddy.
On the bank of this river
he discovers an innumerable
crowd of departed souls, who
being destitute of burial, in
vain present themselves to
the inexorable Charon. This
diety,. whose eternal age is
morose and fretful, yet vigor-
ous, threatens and repulses
them all ; but immediately ad-
mits into his boat the young
Greek. As Telemachus en-
tered, he heard the groans of
a certain disconsolate shade.
88
Scfy war, fa^tc ifym biefet
fatten, 9tabopt)argan, ,5t&nig
be§ ftolgen 23ab9lon§ $ atle 2S6l!er
beS CrientS gitterten bet bcm
blogen ©d)alle meineS SKamenS ;
id) lief? mid) uon ben S3abt)lc?
mem in etnem marmornen gems
pel, wo id) burd) etne golbene
£3ilbfaule sorgeftetlt war, sor
weldier Sag unb 9?adht bte fofU
itd)j!en Sftaudjwerfe #eti)iopten6
brannten, an bete n. SRie
burfte mtr jemanb wiber(pred)en,
otme auf ber ©telle bejfraft gu
werben. Seben Sag erfann man
neue Suftbatfetten, urn mir ba$
Seben angenefym gu mad}en.
2Cber ein SJBeib/ weld)e£ id) liebte,
unb weld)e mid) md)t liebte, §at
mid) empftnben laffen, baf? id)
fetn @5ott bin 5 fte i)at mid) sers
gtftet 5 id) bin nid)t mel)r.
33ct btefer SRebe weinte ber
33abt)lonter wie ein feigfyergiger
9Xenfd), weld)en tie SKollufte
tterraeid)lid)t fyaben, unb weldbet
nid)t gewofynt ift, ftanbtjaft em
Unglutf gu erttagen. §Bti if)m
waren eintge ©flaoen, weld)e
©fan, urn fein 2etd)enbegtabnif$
gu efyren, umgebrad)t fyatte.
SOZerfur ijatte fte bem Charon
nebfi ifyrem $6nige, bem fte auf
(grben gebtent fatten, ubergeben,
unb i^nen eine unum(d)ran!te
©ewalt uber benfelben cerltetjen.
£)iefe (Sllaoenfd)atten furd)teten
ben ©cbatten Sftabopljargang nidit
mel)r$ fte t>tclten it)n gefeffelt,
I was, said this shade to
him, Nabopharzan (Nebu-
chadnezzar), king of proud
Babylon. All the nations
of the East trembled at the
very sound of my name. I
made the Babylonians wor-
ship me in a marble temple,
in which I was represented
by a golden statue, before
which they night and day
burned the most precious
perfumes of Ethiopia. Never
did any one presume to con-
tradict me, without being in-
stantly punished. Every
day they invented new di-
versions in order to make
life more pleasant to me.
But a woman whom I loved,
and who did not love me,
made me very sensible that
I was no god ; she poisoned
me, and I am no more.
While speaking thus, the
Babylonian wept like a pusil-
lanimous wretch, enervated
by prosperity, and unaccus-
tomed to bear misfortune
with an undaunted resolu-
tion. There were close by
him some slaves, who had
been put to death to grace
his funeral. Mercury had
delivered them up to Charon,
together with their king, and
had given them absolute
power over this king whom
they had served on earth.
The shades of these slaves
no longer feared the shade
89
unb ernriefen ujm bte gvaufamften
23efd)tmpfungen. SRaboyfyavian
jlurjte fid) mit bem ©eficfyt auf
tie (5rbe> unb ri{$ fid) in etnem
2Cnfall oon 2But& unb SSergrcetfc
lung bie #aare auS. 2lbet
(Sharon fagte §u ben ©flaoen:
ferret ttjn bet ber £ette, reiget
tyn roiber feinen S&illen in bte
£of)e ; fogar ben Sroft fetne
©cfyanbe gu serbergen foil er
nidbt fyaben; alle ©djattcn bee
(Stgp mujfen baoon skuge fetn,
urn bte ©otter §u redbtferttgen/
roelcfye fo lange jugefefyen fyabin*
bag biefer ©ottlofe auf ber (Srbe
regierte.
28 a I) r e n b biefer SKebe beS
furd)tbaren @l)aron£ fiief* bte
S5ar!e fdjon an bag Ufer oom
Sf^etdie ^luto'fi. 2Cllc ©(fatten
eitten fyerbet, urn btefen lebenbigen
Sttenfdjen §u betrad)ten, weldjec
mitten unter Un Sobten in ber
SSarEe ftanb. 2(ber in bem
2CugenblicB/ ate Selemad) ben
gufj aufs Sanb fe^tc/ entflo^en
fie/- gletd) ben ©d)atten ber Sftacfyt,
srelcfye ber geringfte ©tral)l beS
&age£itd)teS $erftreut. (Sfyavon,
meld)er bem jungen ®rted)en etne
nid)t fo run^eiige ©time unb
rceniger nrilbe #ugen, rote fonjt bei
it)mgett)5^niid)n?ar jetgte/ fagte §u
ii)m : SSon ben ©ottern geltebter
©terblidjer/ b a e5 btr sergbnnt
ijr in ba$ SKetd) ber Sftadjt §u
fommem roelcfyeS alien anbern
of Nabopharzan ; they held
him in chains, and insulted
him in the most opprobrious
manner. Nabopharzan threw
himself fiat on his face upon
the ground, tearing off his
hair through excess of rage
and desperation. But Charon
said to the slaves : Pull him
by his chain ; raise him up
in spite of himself; he shall
not have even the consola-
tion of concealing his shame ;
it must be seen by all the
shades about the Styx, in
order that they may bear
witness of it, and justify the
gods who have so long suf-
fered this impious wretch to
reign upon the earth.
While the terrible Charon
was holding this discourse,
his boat reached the shore of
Pluto's kingdom. All the
ghosts came thronging to •
view this living man who
appeared in the boat among
the dead ; but scarcely had
Telemachus landed before
they all flew away like the
shades of night, which are
dissipated by the first glimpse
of day. Charon, with a
brow less wrinkled, and eyes
less fierce than usual, said to
the young Greek : O mortal,
favourite of the gods, since
it is given to thee to enter
the kingdom of night, inac-
cessible to all living crea-
tures, make haste and go
i3
90
©tcrbltdjen unjugdnglid) ifi, f o
ette/ b a t) t n gu get)en# w o t) i n
bag ©djttffal bid) ruft. ©e^e
burd) biefen bunfeln 28eg gum
spaiafte beg glutei rceld)en bu
auf feinem Sfyrone ftnben roirft 5
er rcirb tir erlaubem an biejenu
gen Drte gu getjeri/ beren @e=
fyeimnig id) bir nid)t offenbaren
barf.
©ogleid) eitte Selemad) mit
frarfen ©Written fort. 2Cllenu
t?alben ftebjt er ©fatten a m ftd)
t) e r flattern/ gabjlreicrjer alS bie
©anbtorner am SJleerufer ; unb
in bem ©ercufyte biefer unenb=
licben SDRenge ergreift itm ein
gottlicber ©d)aubeo bei 25etrad)=
tung ter tiefen ©title biefer
roeiten ©egenben. Seine £aare
ftcauben ftd) empor, al$ er ftd)
bem fdjroarjen 2Cufentt)aIt beS
unbarmbjergtgen spiuto ndtjm 5
er ffitjlt feine £me roanlen 5 bie
©timme fetjlt tym, unb faum
sermag er bem ©otte biefe S&orte
gu fagen : ©ie fefyen, 0 furdjts
bare ©ottt)ett, ben©ot)n tes un=
glucflicben UlpffeS 5 id) lomme
©ie gu fragen, ob mein 23ater in
3t}r IHctd) t)erabgefttegen/ ober ob
ix nod) auf ber (Erbe ijl.
|Huto fag auf fetnem Sfyrone
t>on (£benr,olg. ©ein ©eftd)t
war blag unb emit/ feine #ugen
rcaren r;ot)l unb funfelnb, feine
©time rungelig unb brofyenb.
£er linbM eineS Sebenben rear
whither the destinies call
thee ; go through this gloomy
path to the palace of Pluto,
whom thou wilt find on his
throne. He will permit
thee to enter those places,
the secrets of which I am
not allowed to disclose.
Telemachus immediately
advances with hasty steps ;
on all sides he sees multi-
tudes of fluttering ghosts,
countless as the grains of
sand on the sea-shore ; and,
in the hurry of this innu-
merable crowd, he is seized
with a divine horror, on ob-
serving the profound silence
of these vast regions. His
hair stands on end when he
reaches the dismal abode of
the pitiless Pluto. His knees
tremble, his voice fails him?
and it is not without great
difficulty that he is able to
pronounce these words : You
see, O terrible deity, the son
of the unhappy Ulysses ; I
come to enquire of you whe-
ther my father is descended
into your dominions, or whe-
ther he is still wandering
upon the earth.
Pluto was seated on a
throne of ebony ; his com-
plexion was pale and severe ;
his eyes were hollow and
sparkling ; his face wrinkled
and threatening. The sight
91
tym \mfya$tr nrie bag Sicfyt Me
2£ugen beqenigen &t)iere htUU
bigt/ n>eld)e gewofynt ftnb/ nur
beg ?Rad)tg ifyre ©d)tupfn?infel
gu uerlaffen. 2Cn feiner @eitc
fafj ^roferptna, tt?etdbe aUetn feine
SSitc£e auf fid) 309/ unb iretcbe
etn wentg fein #er§ 511 miibern
fcbien 5 fte genofi einer tmmer
erneuerten @d)6n^ett ; aber fte
fdjten mit tfyrer gdttltdben 2Cn*
mutt) Don ttjrem ©atten etroaS
partes unb ©raufameS oeretntgt
SU fyaben.
2(m guffc beS £f)rone§ roar
ber blaffc unb Der$et)renbe Sob
mit feiner fd)arfen @enfe> rceld)e
er unabldjTtg treble. Urn it>n
Return flcgen bic fdpaqen
<Sorgen$ bag graufame 9tttfs~
trauen; tie ftetg Don SSlut tries
fenbe unb mit SBunben bebectte
!Kad)fud)t 3 ber ungerecfyre £afj $
ber ftd) felbfr aernagenbe ©ei§ $
tie SSergweiftung, rcelcrje ftd) mtc
ifyren etgnen £dnben gerfXeifcftt 5
ber trat).imi£ige, alteg umfturs
5enbe ©fyrgetg 5 bte 23errdtl)eret/
roelcfye ftd) mit SSlut trdnlen mill/
aber ftd) bee burd) fte angejrifte=
ten UebelS nid)t erfreuen lann 5
ber 9Zeib/ tt)eld)er fein tobtlicfyeS
©tft urn ftd) fyerum fprugt unb
roeldjer, in feiner Dt)nmad)t gu
fci)abcn, rafenb roirb 5 tie ©otts
loftgleit/ trelc^e ftd) felbft einen
bobenlofen 2Cbgrunb grdbt, rcortn
fte ftd) otjne £offnung jturgt 5 bte
fd)euplid)en@efpenfter5 tie &rug=
gejtatten/ roeld)e bte Sobten Dor*
ftellen/ urn bte £ebenbigen gu
of a living man was as odious
to him 'as the light is offen-
sive to the eyes of those
creatures which never leave
their hiding places but dur-
ing the night. By his side
appeared Proserpine, who
alone attracted his attention,
and seemed to soften his
heart. She enjoyed a beauty
that was always fresh ; but to
her divine graces was added
a certain severity which she
borrowed from her husband.
At the foot of the throne
wras pale and devouring
death, with his sharp-edged
scythe, which he was con-
tinually whetting. Around
him flew black cares, cruel
jealousies, revenge reeking
with blood, and covered with
wounds ; unjust hatreds ;
avarice gnawing itself ; des-
pair tearing itself with its
own hands ; wild ambition,
that overturns every thing
and puts it into combustion ;
treason that feeds upon blood,
and cannot enjoy the fruits
of its own wickedness ; envy
that pours forth her deadly
venom around her, and grows
furious when she is unable
to do any harm ; impiety
digging a bottomless pit, and
desperately throwing herself
into it ; hideous spectres,
phantoms that invest them-
selves in the shapes of the
dead to frighten the living ;
92
erfcfyrecfen $ tie fcfyrecfenben
Zxaume, unb bte <Sd)lafloftgfett/
weld)e zhzn fo fdjrecBltd^ ift, a(S
bte traurtgen Srdume. 2Clle
btefe Srauergejialten umfd)web~
ten ben ftol§en spiuto unb wfa
fuilten ben ^alafr, weldjen et
bewofynte.
(§r antwortete btm Selemad)
mtt t)ol)ler ©timme/ wooon bet:
©runb beS (SrebuS gittcrtc :
hunger ©terblid)er# bte ©ditcf*
[ale fyaben btr erlaubt/ btefe ben
@d)atten gefyetltgte ©tdtte §u
oerle|en 5 folge betnera t>ot)en
6>4id!falej id) will btr ntd)tfagen/
mo betn SSater tft ; genug, bu
t)aft bte grettyett/ itjn auf^ufudjcn.
£a er auf ber drbe &ontg war,
fo fannjr bu etner (Setts btejentge
©egenb beS fdjwarjen SartaruS
burrtwanbern, wo tie gottlofen
£6mge gefrraft, auf ber anbern
©cite bie eit)fdtfd)en geibet/ wo
bte guten £6ntge belofyntwerben.
2Clletn son t)ter au$ iannft bu
nur $u ben eit)fdifd)en gelbetn
geiangen, wenn bu guoor burd)
ben SartaruS gegangen biji$ cite
unb DCrtof metn Stetd).
frightful dreams ; and sleep-
lessness quite as dreadful as
frightful dreams. All these
direful forms surrounded the
stern Pluto, and filled the
palace in which he dwelt.
He answered Telemachus
with a hollow voice, that
made the bottom of Erebus
tremble : Young mortal, the
fates have allowed thee to
violate this sacred sanctuary
of the shades : follow thy
high destiny ; I will not tell
thee where thy father is : it
is enough thou art free to
go and look for him. Since
he was a king upon earth,
thou hast but to traverse on
the one hand that part of the
gloomy Tartarus where the
wicked kings are punished,
and on the other, the Ely-
sian fields, where the good
kings are rewarded. But
thou canst not go hence into
the Elysian fields before thou
hast passed through Tartarus ;
make haste thither, and get
out of my empire.
Rule. — German propositions are usually placed before
the case which they govern, and a few compound verbs,
formed with the particle mif/ sometimes receive the augment
ge at the beginning of the past participle, sometimes in the
middle, and sometimes not at all.
(gogletd) fdjten Setemad) Telemachus seems instant-
burd) biefe leeren unb ly to fly through the void
unermepltdjen Sftdume gletcfyfam and immense spaces, so much
93
$u (Regent fo fefyr serlangte ttjn
$u mijfen, ob er feinen S3ater
fefyen roetbe, unb aud) fid) a u 0
ber f d) e u g (id) e n ©egens
roart be$ £t)rannen §u entfernen/
rcelcber Sebenbige unb Sobte in
(gcfyrecfen fyalt. Grnbltd) be?
merit er ben fdjroarjen SartaruS
fciemlid) nafye b e i fid) ; ein
bicfer fdjwacjer Sftaud) jrieg bars
au$ empor, beffen Derpefteter
©erud) tobten nwrbe, roenn er
jtd) i n bem fSSorjnorte bee Seben?
ben oerbrettete* biefer Sftaud)
bebecfte etnen (Strom con
geuer unb glammennrirbel/
bejfen ©etofe, gXeicr) bemjemgen,
meldjeS bte umgeftumfren glufte
mad)en/ rcenn fie »on ben
f) 6 d) fr e n ©ipfeln ber geifen
in ben tiefjien tfbgvunb (iurgeii/
oerurfac^en/ ba£ man an btefen
traurtgen Oertern nidjts beurltd)
$6ren !ann.
(Snblid) erbitcfte Selemad) ^k
R&mQt/ it>etcf)e bejhregen oer*
bammt rourben/ weil fie it)re
SOladjt mifibraucbt fatten.
li u f ber etnen ©eite tyfelt ifynen
etne rdd)enbe ©trafgottfyeit etnen
(Spiegel uoo ber itjnen bie gan$e
©cfyeujHtcfyfeit itjrer Safter &eigte.
#ter fafyen fie unb fonnten nidjt
unterlajfen ju fefjen tyre grobe
©itelfeit/ roetd)e n a d) ben Ids
d)erlid)(Ien £obfprud)en gtertg
i)a[d)te $ tyre £drte g e g c n
bte 2Dftenfd)en/ roeld)e fie fatten
giucflid) mad)en follen* tyre
©efityllofigfeit fur bte Sugenb,
tyre 2£ngjr/ bie SBa^r^eit $u
does he long to know if he
shall see his father, and to
get out of the horrible pre-
sence of the tyrant who holds
both the living and the dead
in awe. He presently finds
himself near dark Tartarus ;
a thick black smoke ascended
thence, the pestilential stench
of which would have brought
on instant death with it, had
it reached the abodes of the
living. This smoke sat upon
a river of flaming fire, the
noise of which, like that of
the most impetuous cataracts,
falling from the summit of
the highest rocks into the
bottomless pit, made it im-
possible for those who en-
tered these dismal places to
hear anything distinctly.
At length Telemachus
perceived the kings who were
punished for having abused
their power. On one hand
a vindictive Fury held up to
them a mirror which showed
tham their vices in all their
deformity. There they saw
and were obliged to see their
fulsome vanity, which gree-
dily swallowed down the
grossest flattery ; their obdu-
racy towards men, whom they
ought to have made happy ;
their insensibility to virtue ;
their dread to hear the truth $
their negligence, their sloth^
94
!>5ren; t^re 9tetgung $u meter*
trddjttgen unb fd)metd)terifd)en
3Xenfd)en ; tljre 9tad)ldfugfett $
tfyre SSScid)tid)fett ; tfyre @orgs
loftgfett* tfyren un§eitigen 2£rg=
tt»ot?n 5 ifyren Uebermutl) unb
tfjre ubermdfnge tyxa&tlkbtt
tt)eld}e ba§ SSerberben bee SSolfer
serurfad)te ; it)re (Sfyrfudjt, ein
roentg 3Sut)m burd) bag £3lut
tl)re 23urger §u erfaufen $ enb*
ltd) tl)re ©raufamfett, rceldje
tdglid) neue Sffioilufte u n t e r
ben &£>rdnen unb ber Ser^eif-
lung fo meter Unglucf lichen aufc
fud)te. £)fyne #uft)6ren fatjen
fie |td) in btefem Spiegel 5 fte
fanben ftdb grauem>oller unb
fd)eu6lid)er, a\$ bte burd) ben
SSetlerop^on beftegte (Sfytmdre,
ober alS bte burd) ben £erf uteS
erlegte £erndifd)e #r)ber/ felbft
al§ ben (SerberuS/ roeldjer a u $
fetnen brei gdfynenben SKadben em
fd)tr>arseg unb gtfttgeg SSlut au&=
fpetet, n?etd)e6 baS gan^e ©efd)led)t
ber auf ber @rbe iebenben
9ttenfd)en wpejlen lonnte.
3u gtetd)er 3ett nneberfyotte
ifynen eine gurie auf ber anbern
®eite mit Skrfyofynung alle Sob*
fprudje/ treldie tyrten il)re
@d)meid)ler in intern Seben ge*
geben fatten/ unb l)telt it)nen
etnen anbern (Spiegel 0 or, worin
jte ftd) fo fafyen/ al$ tie <&d)meu
d)elei fte gefd)iltert £atte. £)te
(gntgegenfteltung btefer groet ftd)
fo tt>tberfpred)enben ©emdlbe
trar tie Strafe fur ifyre (Sttelfeit.
SDton bemerfte, bap unter btefen
their misplaced jealousy, their
pride, their excessive pomp
built upon the ruin of their
people ; their ambition to
purchase a little vain glory
with the blood of their sub-
jects ; in fine, their cruelty,
which every day hunts about
for new pleasures amidst the
tears and distresses of so
many unhappy wretches. In
this mirror they incessantly
beheld themselves ; they found
themselves more horrible and
more monstrous than the
Chimera which was van-
quished by Bellerophon, or
the Lernean hydra, destroy-
ed by Hercules, or than by
Cerberus himself, though he
disgorges from his three
hideous throats a black and
venomous gore, capable of
infecting the whole race of
mortals living on the earth.
At the same time, on the
other hand, another Fury in-
sultingly repeated to them
the encomiums which their
flatterers had bestowed upon
them while alive, and pre-
sented to them another mir-
ror, in which they saw
themselves as flattery had
depicted them. The oppo-
sition of these two portraits,
which were so contrary, was
the punishment of their va-
95
Jtontgen biejentgen am gottlo*
feflen rcaren/ benen man bet
Ceb^eiten bte erfyabenften £cb=
fprucfye gegeben tyatte, \v e t i bte
SBofen mefyr gefurdjtct rcerben
qIS bte 5Ked)tfd)affenen/ unb roett
fie mit ber grofjeften Unoerfd)d mr*
t)ett bte mebertrad)tigen ©d)met=
djeleten ber £)td)ter unb SKebner
tyrer 3eit forbern.
nity. It was observed that
the most wicked of these
kings were those who during
their lives had received the
most exalted praises, because
the bad are dreaded more
than the good, and shame-
lessly exact the sordid and
nauseous flatteries of the
poets and orators of their
time.
CHAPTER IV.
FAMILIAR AND IDIOMATICAL PHRASEOLOGY.
I.
(£§ urirb ernftfyaft.
@$ friert mid) an ben £cmben.
(56 fragt fid)/ ob fie fommen
rotrb.
SDton fagt/ fie fct e$ getr>efen.
& f ojiet 3fynen nur em SBort.
©6 wirb geflopft.
S&ir rcerben fetjen/ ba£ man ii)m
bte @d)ulb gibt.
©ie mad)en eg recfyt.
©ie meint e§ gut.
<Ste roollen e£ babet beroenten
lajfen.
©ie fangen e§ &u fyod) an.
@f)r gibt Stynen nid)t nad)$ er
gtbt niemanben nad).
The affair is becoming se-
rious.
My hands are cold.
It is doubtful whether she
will come.
They say it was she.
You have only to say one
word.
Some one knocks.
We shall see that he will be
blamed for it.
You do well.
Her intention is good.
They will leave it as it is.
Their bearing is too haughty.
He does not give in to you ;
he gives in to nobody.
96
3d) gtaube nid)t, baf$ ©te ben
23or§ug oor itym fyaben rcerben.
@§ tft md)t alleg ©otb roaS glanjt,
(Sg mag fetn, rcie eg will.
@S gilt 3^r 2eben.
(5§ betrtfft ifyr SSermogen.
SBcnn e§ bed) metn greunb ware !
Sic tooften eS eud) gebenfen.
3d) rcerbe e§ nic^t lange mad)en.
I do not think that you will
get the better of him.
All that glitters is not gold.
Be that as it may.
Your life is at stake.
Her fortune is at stake.
If it were but my friend !
They will remember you for
it.
I will not detain you long.
II.
©ie fyaben e§ getroffen.
©te ftnb md)t red)t baran.
©te f)at eg nid)t getroffen.
£Bte fie ^ufafyren !
You have guessed it.
They have not got hold of it.
She has not guessed it.
What a rate they drive at i
£)aS ift ntd)t mefyr auSju^alten. They can hold out no longer.
III.
©ie fyaben 3fynen oorgefd)roa§t.
©ie roiffen ntd)t, wie ©ie e§
anfangen follen.
©ie l)aben ettr>a§ barunter.
©te meinen e$ aufrtd)tig.
©te nefymen e3 gu genau.
SCRan muj* eg nid)t fo genau
nefymen,
2)a tjaben ©te e§.
3d) fonnte mid) nidjt brein
finben.
@S foil eud) md)t gettngen.
(5c oerfat)rt ubel mit ifym.
©te finb fyanbgemetn geworben.
(5r tjat einen ©roll auf mid).
They have told you a story.
You know not how to set
about it.
They mean more than they
say.
They have no evil intention.
You are too particular.
We must not be so particu-
lar.
You have hit it.
I could not make it out.
You shall be set at defiance.
He uses him ill.
They have had a serious
quarrel.
He owes me a grudge.
97
2)ag ©lucf nrill 3t)nen tooty.
£Btr ftnb ecfd)5pft 5 toil lonnen
nid)t mefyt fort.
@g iji aug mtt i^ncn.
(gg foftc/ rcag eg rootle.
£Bo ftnb ©te geblieben ?
SBte rourfce eg urn eud) jieljen,
roenn fie eudb ntd)t get)otfen
fatten ?
£te Sett rcurb leijren/ mag baran
tfr.
SSoUen ©te eg babet beroenben
Xaffen ?
Fortune smiles upon you.
We are exhausted, we can
hold out no longer.
They are done for.
Let it cost what it may.
Where did you Leave off?
What would you have done.
if they had not assisted
you ?
Time will bring1 it to light.
Are you willing to leave it
as it is ?
IV.
©te fyaben tmmer @elb babet
etngebugt.
©te roottcn mit rcag rcetfj ma-
djen.
©te ftnb fd)6n/ abzx fte btlben
fid) $u mel etn.
23et btefen SBocten.
©te tjaben eg mtt gleif gettjan.
3d) i)abe eg aug guter 2£bftd)t
9ctt;an.
©te fyaben eg nid)t aug bofer 2(b*
ftd)t get^an.
©te rourben eg ntd)t aug bofer
2Cbftd)t getfyan tyaben.
3d) gefye in tie ©tabt.
©te get)t nad) ber ©tabt.
£)urd) tneleg SSttten ijl eg ung
gelungen,
You have always lost money
by it.
They wish to impose upon
me.
They are handsome, but they
think too much of them-
selves.
At these words.
They have done it on pur-
pose.
I have done it with a good
intention.
They have not done it with
a bad intention.
They would not have done
it with a bad intention.
I am going to town.
She is going to town.
By dint of much earnest n-
treaty we have succeeded.
98
©te rccrben tfyn an fetnem &tetbe
fennen, rcenn fte U)n fefyen.
#n ber 2Crt, rote er fprtdjt.
5^ai$ fetnem ©efcfymacf, nacfy
fetner Sftetnung/ follte man,
&c.
2Cuf bte SSitte ber (Sinmofyner.
©te tytelten tfyn betm 2Bort.
©tc ^)aben ftd) baruber bet mtr
beflagt.
You will know him by his
coat when you see him.
By the manner in which he
speaks.
According to his taste, ac-
cording to his opinion, one
ought, &c.
At the request of the inha-
bitants.
They took him at his word.
They have complained to me
about it.
V.
(§6 fdttt in Me 2Cugen.
©te fyat ifyn in sparis lennen ge*
lernt.
3d) l)abe fte auf Mefer Sftetfe
lennen geternt.
(Sr iricb balb unter <Segel getyen.
@ic fyaben unter fretem #tmmel
gefd)tafen.
Unter bem® fatten bteferSBdume.
@;r §at e§ unter bem Conner
ber ^anonen gefcfyrteben.
©ie be! ommt eS nidjt unter btreu
pig @5utneen.
2Bir ftnb unter ben ^rtegSun*
tutyen.
©d&rttt sor ©djrttt.
SBerfbfylener SQSetfe.
Unbebacfytfamenretfe.
@te roofynen am (Snbe ber ©trape.
It strikes the eye.
She made his acquaintance
in Paris.
I became acquainted with
her during that journey.
He will sail soon.
They have slept in the open
air.
In the shade of these trees.
He has written it in the
midst of the noise of the
guns.
She will not get it for less
than thirty guineas.
We are in the midst of the
tumult of war.
Step by step.
Clandestinely.
Inconsiderately.
They live at the end of the
street.
99
3$ fyabe eg son 2lnfang big §um
Qjrnbe gelefen.
£)er Sob mad)t 2CtIem etn (Snbe.
I have read it from begin-
ning to end.
Death puts an end to every-
thing.
VI.
©te ntmmt eg §u #er§en.
©te arbetten urn tie SBette.
©te ftel tym um ben £alg.
@g taugt §u md)t§.
©te l)aben tyn jur £t)ure tytnauS
gercorfen.
@r $at ©dfte *5um sflfctttageflen.
©te lommen §ur recfyten Sett.
<5r l)at eg §ur Ungeit getfyan.
©enfrecfyt, con oben ^jerab.
Unabfe()bar.
Grr §at eg bud)f!dbltd) uberfefct.
SStelletdjt roerben ©te eg fur gut
ftnben.
34 bjalte eg fur gut.
3<3) muf tie geber ergretfen.
2)er 2Cr$t fyat tym bie «BRUd)fur
oerorbnet.
Gsr r;at etne bofe £anb> fetne
©d)tt?efrer $at etnen bofen
ginger/ unb fein Setter t)Ot
bofe 2lugen.
(Sr lift ftd) alleg gefallen.
3^) laffenur alleg gefallen.
2Ber !ann bafur ? er $at eg ofyne
metn Stiffen gettyan.
©te oerjle^t ben gertngften
SGBinf.
She lays it to heart.
They work emulously.
She fell upon his neck.
It is good for nothing.
They have turned him out
of doors.
He has company to dinner.
You come at the right time.
He has done it at the wrong
time.
Perpendicularly down.
Beyond the reach of sight.
He has made a literal trans-
lation of it.
Perhaps you will think well
of it.
I think it good.
I must write.
The physician has ordered
him to live upon milk.
He has a bad hand, his sis-
ter has a bad finger, and
his cousin has sore eyes.
He agrees to anything.
I am agreeable to anything.
Who can help it ? he did it
unknown to me.
A hint is sufficient for her.
100
$la&) bem £eben, nad) ber 5flatur
malen.
To paint from nature.
VII.
2Bit fyaben ttjn im ^tnaufgefyen
gefefyen.
2Cuf £)eutfdy auf granaoftfd)/
fagt man.
Set tjcltem Sage.
©6 ftefyt nid)t me$t bet tfym, e§
gu tfyun.
@§ fie^t ntd)t mefyr. in t^rer
50lad)t eg gu tfyun.
Sag u)n in Sftufye.
©te retfen mtt ber 9po$.
2Btr retfen nad) granlretd).
©te malen mtt garben.
©ic tanjen ntd)t nad) tern Salt.
Sum ©lucr.
3um Unglucf.
©te fyat e§ au§ ©pott gefagt.
SJtein greunb §at e§ au£ ®pa$
gefagt.
©te t)aben e§ au§ ©d)er§ ge-
fagt.
(Sr befd)tror mtd) barum bet
unferer atten greunbfdjaft.
We saw him as he went up.
In German, in French, they
say.
In broad daylight.
It no longer depends on him
to do it.
It is no longer in her power
to do it.
Leave him alone.
They travel post.
We are going to France.
They paint in colours.
They do not dance in time.
Happily, fortunately.
Unhappily, unfortunately.
She said it ironically.
My friend said it for fun.
They said it in jest.
He conjured me, by our
long-standing friendship.
VIII.
(§6 gerfallt in ©tucfe.
(£r leibet eg urn be$ grtebeng
Allien.
3d) $abz e£ auS ©runben get£)an.
It is falling to pieces.
He endures for the sake of
2£egen etne§ gertngen gefyletS bin
id) terurtfyeiit recrben.
peace.
I had good reasons for doing
it.
I am condemned for a trilling
fault.
101
@tn f8aUt fyut $tete$ fewer
Winter: rcegen.
liefer SJlann tyat S3tele§ urn
fetner Winter nrillen getfyan.
(Sr $at etnen 9£ot$pfenmg auf*
gefpart.
6r mfprtcfit golbene 23erge.
©te ganfen urn etnen ©trofc
fyalm.
@S ijl ntd^t gut o$ne gltnte auf
tie Sagb ju gefyen.
<5r §tef)t mtt etner langen Sftafe
ab.
©te wollen ftd) tyetmlid) baocn
ftetylen.
(Sr bewunbert fid) felbftgefdlltg.
£)a fann man auf ben erften
SBtnf i)in bebtent fetn.
(Sr will ben Sftagel auf bem $opf
treffen.
A father does many things
for the sake of his children.
This man has done many
things for the sake of his
children.
He has laid something up
against a rainy day.
He promises mountains and
wonders.
They are quarrelling about
a straw.
It is not good to go to sea
without provisions.
He returns ashamed.
They want to leave their
creditors in the lurch.
He admires himself in his
feathers.
There you may be served with
the greatest promptitude.
He would fain take the hare
by the scut.
IX.
(St wagt fid) an ba$ Unmogltdje.
@r ttrirb @te auf ben jungften
Sag uertroften.
@te tt>ollen mid) auf ben 9ttm=
mertag t>erwetfen.
<£z §at mtt etner $tappe $wet
gttegen erfdjlagen.
<£v wtyfyxt feine @inf unfte §um
ooraus.
He wants to take the moon
by the horns.
He will pay you when two
Sundays come together.
They want to pay me at the
latter Lammas.
He has killed two birds with
one stone.
He spends his money before
he gets it.
k 3
102
2Cu6 tem Sfagen in tie Sraufe
fommen.
ffiStr gtngen in ber £)ammerung
aug.
(5r ^at e§ t^m cor bem 9Jlaut
megneljmen wotten.
(§r trdgt auf betben (Sdjultern.
(ginen anbcrn tic ginger set*
brennen lajfen.
@r gtbt ben 2(rm fur tzn ginger
*)UT.
(gr will tmmer Mmmei fpalten-
(£r tjt ein SBortftauber.
@r fprid)t au§ einem fyofyen Sone.
(Sr erjurnte fid).
$£tr tuollen bag @lucf betm
<Sd)opfe ergretfen.
To fall out of the frying-
pan into the fire.
We went out about dusk.
He wished to supplant him.
He keeps fair with two par-
ties.
To get chestnuts out of the
fire with the cat's paw.
He is penny wise and pound
foolish.
He is always wanting to
split.
He is very particular.
He talks largely.
He got into a passion.
Let us seize the opportunity,
X.
@c.ft>eijj ftd) weber §u ratten
nod) gu Ijelfen.
3d) xoz\% mit roefcer §u ratljen
nod) 5U fyelfen.
^ie roerben ftd) rccber §u ratten
nod) $u tjelfen nriffen.
©te roufjten ftd) rceber $u ratten
nod) gu tjelfen.
Q?r beu>irttjet/ nne e§ nur ben
?$unb gelujfet.
SQHt £vo§en unb ^ocfyen uerlan-
gen.
@ie fangen roegen eineS $litytt
£anbel an.
He does not know which
way to turn himself.
I know not which way to
turn myself.
You will not know which
way to turn yourself.
They did not know which
way to turn themselves.
He treats his friends nobly.
To seek with hue and cry.
They are beginning to quar-
rel about nothing.
103
©ie §aben tfjm bte 9Wtf)e etnge= You have been hard upon
tf)an. him.
©ie fyaben u)m fein ©efyetmmfj You have pumped him.
abgelccft.
©ie rcetten t$m fein ©efjetmnif* They will sift him.
ablccfen.
2Bie meinen @ie tfym fein ©e= How do you intend to sift
tyeimmf ab^ulccfen? him ?
STcan $at t^m unter tie 2Crme They have put him into the
gegrtffen. right way for preferment,
©etnc greunbe ftnb tfym an ba$ His friends have backed
Sfab gefianben. him.
©ie bat ifyn in ben 2Cpri( ae= She has made an April fool
fducft. of him.
(St Will fte in ben 2Cprtl fdncfen. He intends to make an April
fool of her.
©ie tjat tym %&uvft ttttber 2£urft She has given him a Row-
gegeben. land for an Oliver.
2Bir tvolkn tym SBurjr nnber Let us give him a Rowland
2&ur|t geben. for an Oliver,
©te f)at u)m &u fdjaffen gemad)t. She has led him a pretty
dance.
(£§ ift ifytn ubel mtfgefptelt He has paid for his whistle.
roorben.
©etne (Mefjrfctmf tit ift il;m au&= He is at his wit's end.
gegangen.
©eleven prebigen tt>c£en. To carry coals to Newcastle.
(Sr mufs ftdj unter bte SJome^ He is obliged to mix with
men mtfdjen. the herd.
SSBir n?oIIen un£ unter bte SSorne^ Let us mix with the herd.
men mtfdjen.
©te fyat ein getduftgeS $>3tanbs She has a good clapper.
frucf.
Sic fprttfjt roie etn SSuftletn. She has an oily tongue.
dt bleibt fiumm trie etn gifty. He cannot say a word.
104
@ic btteben jtummrcte eingtfd).
9Xan mu£ tynen 2CUe§ oorlauen.
£a§ ©la§ §at tfynen Me gunge
gelofet,
£)a§ ®ta$ tyat mtr tie gunge
ntd^t gelofet.
£)a$ ©las fjatte tym tie gunge
geldfet.
(Sr laft ftd) tie £aut uber bte
£)f)ten §ief)en.
3^) lafT^ wtc nid)t tie #aut
uber bte £)l)ren §tefyen.
2Ber tr-urbe ftd) bte £aut uber
bte £)f)ren §iet)en loffen ?
(£r fyat roeber ©efcfytcf nod) @e=
lent.
(Sr ift im <Sd)tafe retd) gercorben.
(S3 war etn UnglucBtag fur tfyn.
©te trenbet alle erftnnltdjen
sflRittel ba^u an.
SCRan tyat tf)n bet ber SKafe f)er*
umgefufyrt.
(Ste it)trb it;n bet ber Sftafe f)er=
umfufyren.
(Sr f)at £aar taffen ntujfen.
©ie rcerben £aar laffen muffen.
<§ie n>etj3, rao e§ Ijangt unb langt.
They were not able to say a
word.
You are obliged to mince
everything with them.
Drinking has made them
eloquent.
Drinking has not made me
eloquent.
Drinking has made him elo-
quent.
He suffers himself to be in-
sulted with impunity.
I do not suffer myself to be
insulted with impunity.
Who would suffer himself to
be insulted with impunity?
He has neither talent nor
tact.
His fortune came while he
was asleep.
He has trod upon a nettle.
She tries every thing that
she can think of.
They have made a fool of
him.
She will make a fool of him.
He has been obliged to leave
some of his feathers be-
hind him.
You will be obliged to leave
some of your feathers be-
hind.
She knows the ground per-
fectly.
105
@te leben son bet £anb tn§ They live from hand to
§Kout. mouth.
2)aS fcf)tcft fid) »ic cine gauft That rhymes like mountain
auf etn 2Cug.
and mole-hill.
XL
You spend your labour in
vain.
Nothing escapes his obser-
vation.
He is like a rat in straw.
He gazes with open mouth
at crows.
He laughs without knowing
what at.
STcan ft'efyt ntd)t wo er ijtnaug He is above any man's reach.
mill.
St lafjt fid) md)t betfommen.
gie brefdjen leete§ <5tto§.
<Sr fiefyt wk etn (Sperber.
(gr tft trie ber SSo^et tm £anf.
<5t fyat sflftoulaffen fctt.
Gst Iad)t in ben Sag f)tnetn.
@3 itegt etne gatte bafytntet.
<£§ gtbt tseber lalt nocb roarm.
(gr t)at £>immel unb #6lle in
SBercegung gefegt.
©te fe$en £immel unb £6lle in
23en;egung,
@ie x>erge^)t oor Ungebutb.
©te urtfyetten baoon in ben Sag
tyinein.
£)aoon tmtb man if)tn ba§ 9ftaui
fauber fatten.
(Sr nrirb einen bofen Seumunb
fyaben.
©te i)at etnen bSfen Seumunb.
(gt iji belannt une ber bunte
$unb.
He does not expose his cha-
racter.
There is some mystery in
the case.
It is perfectly harmless.
He has left no stone un-
turned.
They leave no stone un-
turned.
She is pining away.
You judge of it by guess.
They will not allow him to
put his nose into it.
He will be in bad repute.
She is in bad repute.
He is as well known as the
public crier.
106
(£6 t# nod) nid)t alter Sage There will be more evenings
2C6enb. than this.
£er lefcte l)at nod) ntd)t gefd)of= There is something else to
fen. come yet.
©ie meif? ten SCRdufen §u rtdjten. She is no fool,
©ie l)aben etnen (Stretch nad) You have given us a speci-
3l)cer 2Ccr gefptelt. men of your skill,
©ie l)aben tfyn in ten £acntfd) You have unhinged him.
gejagt.
©ie l)aben ifym ba$ ?0laul ges You have silenced him.
ffapft
£)a$ geuec ift bet tf)ra balb im He soon takes fire.
Sage.
Sttan §at i&m nidfts gelaffen. They have left him nothing.
Sic tt>icb tf)m md)ts ubctg (ajfen. She will oblige him to dine
with Duke Humphrey.
XII.
3d) fyabt U)m fetn $aac ge= I have not hurt him.
frumrat.
(S3 foil tyt fetn £aac gefcummt She shall not be hurt.
roecben.
G£§ ift fetn gute§ £aac an U)m. He is a good for nothing
fellow.
©m fyaben £aare auf ben 3al)nen. They have some spirit.
G£r if! mtt £aut unb £aac sees He is irretrievably lost.
loren.
©te fragt nid)t etn ^)aar bac^ She does not care for it.
nad).
©ie §at fetn £aar con i|rer She is not a bit like her
flutter. mother.
(Sc fdte£t auf etn v£aac. He is an excellent shot.
©te tceffen ba$ gtel auf ein You are a capital marksman.
#aar.
(E§ ty&ngt an etnem #aac. It only hangs by a slender
thread.
107
£>a£ mad)t fctn @d)tdBfal urn
fetn #aar anberS.
(Sie toerben etn £aar bartn
ftnben.
(Sr fyat etn #aar bartn geftmben.
(Sie toerben md)t etn #aar con
tfyrem S^edjte roetd)en.
SSet etnem £aat toare fte urn tyt
£eben gefommen.
@r gtetyt etnen SBetoetS bet ten
£aaren.
That does not alter his con-
dition in the least.
You will be disappointed in
your expectation.
He has not succeeded so well
as he expected.
They will not give up a jot
of their right.
She has had a very narrow
escape for her life. — She
was within a hair's breadth
of being killed.
He uses far-fetched argu-
ments.
(Sr tttetd)t Me (Segel etn.
Gsc jiefyt mtt etner ellenlangeii
9lafc ab.
@ie ftnb mtt enter etlenlangen
Sfafe abge5ogen.
©te fud)r, wag tfyr sor ber S^afc
tfegt.
(Sr mif?t#nbere nadb fetner (Slle.
<Ste toeig md)t, too fte ber ©d^ur;
brucft.
©ie *)at frumme ginger,
©ie fyaben letn Sota baran ges
madjt.
(Sr gef)t totlltg tn§ geuer.
(£t tft etne etjrltd)e £aut.
©etn Setter t>at etnen ©parren
%\\ Mel.
XIII.
He is lowering his conse-
quence.
He makes a long face. — He
is shamefully baffled.
They have been shamefully
baffled.
She is looking for her spec-
tacles, and has them on
her nose.
He measures other people's
corn by his own bushel.
She does not know where
her shoe pinches her.
Her hands are deformed.
They have not done a tittle
of it.
He is a hearty friend.
He is a goodnatured man.
His cousin is rather foolish.
108
6c 15ft fid) urn einen ginger
roinben.
<5te fyaben an 2Cttem.etroa§ aug=
gufe^en.
£)ag fommt wie ©enf gum SRadf)*
ttfd).
£)er ^amm fd)tt>tllt ifym auf.
6S ifi immer tie alte Seier.
He is as pliant as a willow.
6r mctd)t eg n>ic bee gud)§ mtt
ben &rauben.
6c §tet>t tie fallen ein.
0ie fyaben ben SSdren in bee
Safd)e.
6S muf? wentg t>ort)anben fein;
rcenn ec nidjtg fyerauSflauben
lann.
gie gefyen xvk eine $a§e urn ben
SBrei.
SOlan muf$ tfin bacauf ^tnjiojien.
6r tft ubel mtt fetnem 9fcat| an=
gelaufen.
6r fdbmollt mit fid) felbji.
You find fault with every-
thing.
That is like mustard after
meat.
The mustard flies to his nose.
It is the old song over again.
XIV.
He is like the fox wTith the
grapes.
He draws in his horns.
You have the game (busi-
ness, party, &c.) under
your thumb.
The ground must be bare
indeed, if he can find no-
thing to eat.
You are only going (beat-
ing) about the bush for it.
He is shy about it.
He has had his wig combed.
9Qtan ttmrbe tt)m leinen grunf
Staffer reidjen.
6c t)at ben Mantel nad) bem
SBtnbe Qefyangt.
6c mufi fid) fummeriid) be^elfen.
<Sie fyaben fd)6ne 2Cu$ftd)ten.
6c mufite um>errtd)teter &a$z
He is quarrelling with his
bread and cheese.
He has lost his credit. — His
credit is not worth a far-
thing.
He has changed his opinion.
He is greatly reduced.
You are in the way to pre-
ferment.
He found the door shut.
109
(St roeifj ntcfa, wric er fid) cms
ter jllemme fyelfen fann.
(gr roenbet plumpe Sifren an.
@te roerben unoerricfyteter
ab^tefyen mufjen.
sacfre
He does not know how to
get out of his difficulty.
Any one can see through
his artifices.
You will find the door shut.
XV.
28a3 mid) betrifft, bat furd)t'
id) ntd)t.
£)aS (aft fid) nidbt blafen.
£>as ftnb mtr b&fymifcfye £>6rfer.
@r fu^rt nid)t6 2CrgeS tm ©djttb.
©te merlen/ roo ber #afe im
^feffer ttegt.
(Sr tjat rucber ©efdjicf nod) ©e*
lent
(Sr t)at bag spuloer nid)t erfunben.
(Seine £offnung tfi in ben SSrun=
nen gefallen.
(gr fufyrt immer ba6 2£crt.
©ie tyaben nidjt mit ber <Spradbe
gratis toollen.
3d) bin auf ba$ ftalbSfelt fctn*
auSgefdjojfen.
SKan §at tym einen #of befdjeib
gegeben.
(§r gtbt ftd) mit unnfigem Sanb
ab.
3d) ^abc tiefen $3unft nur gans
oberflddjlid) beriu)tt.
(5t $at e§ tjalb gem, fyalb ge?
jmungcn getyan.
(Sr jtfct bem ©luc! im Bfyofo.
As far as I am concerned I
do not fear.
That is not done bv looking
at.
That is Arabic to me.
He means no harm.
You have hit the right nail
on the head.
He has neither wit nor cou-
rage.
He is no great conjuror.
His hopes have come to
nothing.
He always takes the lead.
You have minced the matter.
I have been disappointed.
He has received an evasive
answer.
He takes much pains to no
purpose.
I have only just hinted at
this part.
He did it half willingly and
half by compulsion.
He is a lucky dog.
110
XVI.
©laubt tf)t eincn barren ror Do you take me for a fool ?
eud) ju ijaben?
(Sr bleibt 9ttd)t€ fd^uibtg. He pays his debts,
(§6 entgefyt torn SKtdjtS. Nothing escapes him.
@r (aft atteg fiber fret) uberlaufem He allows every thing to go
wrong.
(Sr ift auf bem 2$ege §um ©al* He is making a halter for
gen. nis own neck.
@r tft Dom <>Ko§ auf ben (Sfel ges He has fallen in the world.
femmen.
St: mill rcenigflettS ettraS barau§ He will get a snack out of it.
Bieben.
(Ste trerben mit tym balb fevtig You will overcome him with
fern. the greatest ease.
(St mill aliesS baran fc|cn. He will spend his last far-
thing.
©te tt>etf$ tyre (Sadden an ben She makes the most of ner-
mann ju brtngen. se^«
>)Xan oerbient ntcfcr bas SBaffer There is not enough to find
tabet. one m s^lt.
St tft in bie galle gegangen. He n*s fallen into the trap.
©tetterben in bie galle ge!)en. You wil1 be caught in the
snare.
£5ief »trb tym nicbt im ®ering= He will come off with flying
(ten 3U fd:affen geben.
colours.
3d) l)abe einenoergeblid;en @ang I have lost my labour for
getyan.
(Sr fyat alle£ gegen fid).
@ie fyaben alleS gegen <Sie.
£aS fommt trie gerufen.
my pains.
He has everything against
him.
You do it in spite of all op-
position.
That comes in pudding
time.
Ill
XVII.
(5c tanjt nad) jebermannS ¥>fetfe.
@r muf? nad) einc6 2Cnbem
spfeife tan§en.
(Sr fyat tie spfetfe ein§tet)en muffen.
He is of a very easy temper,
He is obliged to submit to
the will of another.
He has been obliged to draw
in his horns.
You will be obliged to draw
in your horns.
He is agreeable to anything.
He has written me a most
unfeeling letter.
He is at his wit's end.
She knows how things go
on.
©te toerben tic spfetfe etngie^en
muflfen.
<5r fagt §u2CUem ja.
(5r §at mtr einen fXegeltjacten
SBrtef gefcfyrieben.
(St* roeijs nid^t/ roo itjm ber £opf
Wt
©ie ftefyt, ttrie tie ©acfye jfd) an?
lagt.
©ie tft cm lebenbtgeg 2Bod)en=
blatt.
©ie fyaben un§ geprellt.
(5r roeifj fid) nad) ber £)ecfe ju
firemen.
@r friedjt langfam true cine
©tfmecfe.
<Sr ift auf VtteS gefaf t.
@r ift bort 2Ule6 sermogenb.
(§§ ift tfym nid)t leidjt (StroaS
bet$ubringen.
@r l> fid) gem fyoren.
(Sr ftefyt in feinem gtof en 2£n-
fe&en.
©te ftefjen in feinem grofen
2Cnfef)en.
XVIII.
©te arbetten mit Suft unb £tebe. They are zealous in
business,
©ie ift in allc ©attci red)t. She is fit for any thing
She is a walking gazette.
They have disappointed us.
He gains his ends by hook
or by crook.
He is very slow-paced.
He is up to everything.
He is every thing there.
It is not an easy matter to
instruct him.
He is in his fine speeches.
He has lost all his interest.
Their reputation is gone by.
the
112
(Sr mad)t baraug fein ©etoerbe.
©te ftnb oom £unbertften tn$
Saufenbfte gefommen.
Dtef tft etne weteftd)e SBarnung.
GrS drgert ifyn tie gltege an ber
SBanb.
©ie ftnb son bemfetben ©eltd)tet.
3d) werbe e$ auSfufyren ober
unterttegen.
3d) beftnbe mid) fo fo/ roeber gut
nod) (dbled)t.
£>aS ift fo fo, rceber gut nod)
fd)lecbt.
3d) routbe feinen spjtfferltng
fcarum geben.
SEfton bat fie mit grower (Sorg*
fait auSgelefen.
3J?an t)at tyn roebet geiobt
nod) ge(d)olten.
Bit brei)t bee 2Ba$rf)ett gern eine
9tafe.
(St lactjte nur ge^roungen.
(St tt)ut 2CUeS tteber atf be§at)ien.
He devotes all his time and
attention to it.
They have rambled from the
question.
That is a hint.
He is very touchy.
They are of the same kidney*
I will bring it about, or it
shall cost me dear.
I am middling. — I am in a
critical situation.
That is but indifferent.
I would not give a straw for
it.
They have been most care-
fully selected.
They have not said a word
to him.
It costs her nothing to
stretch a little.
He gave a forced smile.
He is a friend, except with
his purse.
He would skin a flint.
(Sr wurbe an etnem (Si fd)aben.
— (St fd)tnbet tie 2au$ urn
ben SBatg.
®k ttJikben an etnem (St fd)aben.
sfltan fommt bamtt an fein (Snbe.
<Sie roerben bamtt an fein (Snbe
fommen.
XIX.
m* ait ift btefeS £inb ? What age is this child ?
<S§ tft nur ffinf SStertel 3<$r ait. It is only a year and a quar
ter old.
You would skin a flint.
It is an endless business.
You will never have done
with it, &c.
113
2Bte breit tfi biefeS &ucf) ? What is the width of this
cloth ?
©tefeS SBrett tft fed)§ gug lang This plank is six feet long
unb brittfyalb breit. and two and a half broad.
£)er &i)urm ift oter fyunbett gug The tower is four hundred
3d) banfe Sfynen fur 3$w ©ute.
3* oerftefye ntd)t wag er rebet.
2Ber f)at fyeute tie SJlcffe gelefen ?
(£3 ftet)t ubel urn ft'e auS.
@§ ftefyt ubel urn tyn aug.
St fann^ngltfd) unb grangoftfd?.
©te fragte tyn um feinen Sftamen.
3d) wollte tyn um fetne SOSofynung
fragen.
9lad) fed)6 Utyr trcffen ©tc itjn
md)t mefyr §u £aufe.
©ie fptelten um ein grufyftucf ,
(§r ift auf bem SGSege.
©ie fyaben tfym @tn?a§ aufgebun*
ben.
©ie roollte tym ©trcaS aufbtnben.
2Btt fyaben fo eben mit tf)nen ge=
fprodjen.
©ie fcmmen gletd).
feet high.
I am obliged to you for your
kindness.
I know not what he is driv-
ing at.
Who has said Mass to-day ?
She is very ill.
His affairs are in a very bad
state.
He knows English and
French.
She asked him his name.
I wanted to ask him where
he lived.
You will not find him at
home after six o'clock.
They were playing for a
breakfast.
He is coming.
They have imposed upon him.
She wanted to cheat him.
We have just now spoken to
them.
They will he here immedi-
ately.
3* Qlaube, wtr merben ein Un= I think we shall have a storm.
gettntter befommen.
XX.
3$ trinle fetnen £affee.
3d) effe nid)t gern ©pinat.
I never take coffee.
I am not fond of spinach.
l 3
114
S05a$ fatten <§iz bcwon ?
3d) laffe mtr bae nidjt auSreben.
2Cd&t Sage lang tft fie nidjt auSs
gegangen.
©tc tt)irb bod) fyeute auggefyen.
$ommen ©ie aud) mtt ?
©ie gibt tfynen freten Sifd) unb
SDlan n>trb gleid) ben Ztfd) becfen.
@te fyaben mcfot §u leben.
2Btr fyaben fetne tebenbtge ©eete
angetroffen.
(Sine £anb wafdjt tie anbere.
2Ba£ $dnScten nidjt lernt/ Xernt
#an§ nimmermefyr.
<Ss ftnb ntd)t alle &6d)e, tie
lange sflfaffer fyaben.
<§r will tmmcr tie spferbe fyinter
ben SBagen fpannen.
©te beffert fid) vok ein junger
Soft
£)a§ SOSerf lobt ben SDtetjter.
(gin SSSort ein SBort/ ein SKann
ein 3Jlann .
@r fommt auf leinen grunen
3n>eig.
255er juerjt fommt/ ber mafylt
SUerft.
£)a£ ifl; abgebrofdjeneS ©iro$.
fOSer tt)o^l fd}miert, ber faljrt
mot)l.
What is your opinion of it ?
I shall not alter my opinion.
She has not been out for
a week.
But she will go out to-day.
Will you go with me also?
She gives them board and
lodging.
The cloth is going to be laid
directly.
They have nothing to live
upon.
We have not met a soul.
One good turn deserves
another.
An old dog will learn no
tricks.
Appearances are often de-
ceitful.
He is always for putting the
cart before the horses.
She grows worse every day.
A workman is known by his
chips.
An honourable man's word
is his bond.
He has nothing but bad
luck.
First come, first served.
That is an old story.
He who would travel fast
must grease his wheels.
115
XXI.
£>utd) ^cbaben wtrb man f(ug.
©e ban fen ffnb gollfrei.
©ie martet auf tyn mtt ber Unlet!
£anb,
@r fpcit ©ift unb ©alte.
(Snbe gut/ a((e§ gut.
£er SJcenfd) benft, ©oti lenf t.
2i*ufgefcfcoben tft ntdu aufgetyoben.
9carrenl;anbe befdj-mteren £tfd)
unb 3Banbe-
3Mjnggang ifr alter Safrer 2£n=
fang.
Srunfener SJftunb rebet auS
vg>erjen6 ©runb.
fiufrig in (Sfyren, fann SRtemanb
rocfyren.
SBer ba§ Jtleine ntcfyt efyrt, tft
be3 ©rojsen md)t wertf).
Sanbltdb, fttttttf).
(Sinem ge(d)en!ten ©aulftel)tman
ntd)t tn's 3Raul.
3)er .peeler tft drger als bet*
©teller.
Experience makes fools wise.
Thoughts pay no taxes.
She does not care if he never
returns.
He is in a violent passion.
All is well that ends well.
Man proposes and God dis-
poses.
All is not lost that is delayed.
Fools scribble their names
everywhere.
Idleness is the parent of
every vice.
When wine goes in, truth
comes out.
Innocent amusements can do
no harm.
He who does not take care
of the pence, ought not to
be trusted with pounds.
Every country has its cus-
toms.
You must not look a gift
horse in the mouth.
The receiver is worse than
the thief.
sflcorgenfrunbe fyat ©oib
SDtabe.
SBeffer Sfceiber alS OJUttetber.
9totfc) t)at fcin ©ebot.
2Tbenbi:ct£) unb feller SKorgcn
serfunben einen (d;5nen Sag.
XXII.
im Morning is the best time
for study.
Better be envied than pitied.
Necessity has no law.
Hed sky in the evening and
white in the morning an-
nounce a fine dav.
116
9?ad)getl)aner2Crbettift gut fetern.
£>et tfpfei fallt md)t rcett oom
©tamme.
2Crt la#t nid)t son 2Crt.
50lit etnem blauen 2(uge bason
lommen.
(5r ift bem SSatec rote au§ bem
@eftd)te gefcfymtten.
@§ tji balb aug mit tfym.
©id) urn be$ £atfer$ SSart
jftretten.
50Ran rotrb ityn fdjon betcfyten
lefyren.
2Cu$ frembem SSeutel i$ gut
§el)ren.
@§ mug btegen ober bredjen.
SSon grofjen 25i6tfen tjaut man
grofk (Sp&ne.
<£r bofyrt baS SSrett, wo eg am
bunnften iff.
@ie ffnb bet tf)tn tyod) am 33rett.
SSJlan tyat tym ben SSrobforb
t)6l)et: getjangt.
etrcaS alle Sage auf bem S3rob
effen mujfen.
3$ §abe e§ alle Sage auf bem
SSrob cffen muffen.
3d) roar genotfytgt/ tynen tf)te
SBitte abjujd)lagen.
©ie §tel)t it)n am Sftatrenfetle.
(5r rotrb fte am ^arrenfetle
Steven.
After labour repose is sweet.
The child takes after its
father.
What is bred in the bone
will never get out of the
flesh.
To come off cheap.
He is the very image of his
father.
He is on the decline.
To contend for a thing that
is out of one's reach.
They will teach him how to
behave himself.
It is easy to make free with
another's purse.
It must be done by consent
or denial.
The rich ought to pay more
than the poor.
He is not fond of work.
Your credit is good with him.
They have abridged his in-
come.
To be quite sickened of a
thing.
I have been quite sickened
of it.
I was obliged to refuse them.
She leads him by the nose.
He will lead her by the nose.
117
(Stnem jeben barren gefallt fetne
£appe.
barren mufi man mtt ^olben
foufem
(St gefyt ber Sftafe nad).
@S gefyt bti tym auf tie 9cetge.
2Cug ber 3£ot() etne Sugenb
madden,
greunbe in ber 9lot$ gefyen stele
auf etn Sott).
2Ber tie sftfiife gefreffen/ mag
aud) tie ©cfyalen tregfefyren.
©a jfefyen tie £)d)fen am
SSerge.
(St fyat ntcfyt etnen $unb au§ bem
£5fen §u tecfen.
@ie t)at bunne Dtjren.
@ie Itegen mir in ben Dfyren.
(5r tyat ben (Scfyalf Winter ben
Dfyren.
(§r tft nod) ntd)t Winter ben £)fyren
trodden.
<Ste rooilen ben $el§ roafdjen,
unb itjn ntd)t nag mad)en.
3m Sftofyr figcn unb spfetfen
fcbnetben.
20can foil ben Sag ntcfyt loben,
et) benn ber 2Cbenb.
©S iffc weber gefaljen nod) ge=
fd)ma^en.
Every fool likes his own
hobby-horse.
We must drive those we
cannot lead.
He goes straight forward.
He is nearly at the end of
his career.
To make a virtue of neces-
sity.
Friends in adversity are
scarce.
He who acts foolishly must
abide by the consequences.
There lies the difficulty.
He is as poor as Job. — He
has nothing at all.
She is not deaf.
You annoy me.
There is some evil design
about him.
He is a young simpleton.
You are too gentle in your
admonitions.
To embrace the opportunity
before it is too late.
Do not rejoice too soon.
It is perfectly insipid.
XXIII.
(Sr fyat bit Sftecfynung ofyne ben He has reckoned without his
SBittfy gemad)t. host.
dt xtibt fid) an iebermann. He pelts everybody.
118
3ebermann nrill ftrf) an tyn
retben.
©te fdjlagen auf ben ©acf/ unb
metnen ben (Sfel.
5$ein greunb ttrirb itjn in ben
©attel l)eben.
©te l)at iljn in ben ©attel gefyo*
ben.
©etn greunb $at tyn au§ bem
©attel Ijeben rooilen.
@c lebt in ©au$ unb 23rau§.
©te l)at iljre ©d)afe in3 Srocfene
gebrad)t.
(St- ttrirb fetne ©d)afe in§ Srol^
lene bringen.
@r fd)ert roofyl fein ©djafcfcen.
gromme ©cfyafe $el)en mele in
ben ©tall.
(Sr t|t ein gute§ ftommeS ©d)af.
©djein unb ©ein ijt sweierlei.
2Bol)l gefdjofiem aber. ubel ges
troffen.
Everybody wants to pelt him.
You correct one who is not
culpable in the presence
of one who is so.
My friend will make his
fortune for him.
She has made his fortune.
His friend would have sup-
planted him.
He leads a gay life.
She has taken care of her
property.
He will take care of his
property.
He gets it by perquisites.
Where there is a will there
is a way.
He is a good-natured fellow.
Mere appearance is not
reality.
Well meant but ill said.
119
CHAPTER V.
IDIOMATICAL AND MERCANTILE
PHRASEOLOGY.
2Clte ©eroofynfyeitem legen ftdj
md)t leid)t ab.
Arbeit madjt unS fro^e Sage,
Srdgtyett nrirb un3 felbft jur
spiage.
2Crmutf) fdjdnbct nidjt, aber
Sfyorfyett unb Sajler.
2Cud> tie (Sonne tjr nidjt ofyne
glecfen.
SSofe ©efctlfdbaften serberben
gute ©trten.
IBeffer fpat al§ gar ntdjt.
SBeffer arm mtr <Si)re< alS retd)
nut <Stf)anbe.
£)er ift fd)6ri/ bet fd)6n fyanbelt.
£eute rottj, morgen tobt.
SDu magft tt>ot)l fd)6n unb t>ors
nefym fein 5 bod) bilbe bit
barauf md)t§ etn.
£)urd) tt)ieberl)olte (Streid)e
fdtlt bte gvofjte (Sidje.
£>er $ord)er an bcr SBanb fyort
fcinc eigene ©djanb'.
2)a$ 2Cngeftd^t oerratt) bte SEfyat.
£)er Jtrug gefyt fo lange §um
SBrunnen big er bridfjt.
Old habits are not easily left
off.
Labour is a source of plea-
sure, idleness of pain.
Poverty is not a disgrace,
but vice and folly are.
Every man has his faults.
Evil communication corrupts
good manners.
Better late than never.
Honourable poverty is pre-
ferable to wealth with in-
famy.
Handsome is that handsome
does.
To-day red, to-morrow dead.
Spoil not beauty's honour
with conceit.
Repeated strokes fell the
greatest oaks.
Listeners hear no good of
themselves.
A guilty conscience needs no
accuser.
The pitcher that goes often
to the well returns broken
at last.
120
SBtr ftnb bafytnter gefommen.
(Sine ©djroal&e mad)t fetnen
(Sommer.
gaulfein gletcfyt tern Sffojic/ eg
Derjefyrt mefyt alS 2Crbett.
griebe ernafyrt/ Unfrtebe wrjefyrt.
grifd) gewagt ift fyalb gettxmnen.
©ewofynfyett tjt Me gtoeitc SKatur.
Sugenb ift tie §ett ber greube.
Sung geroofynt, alt getfyan.
jtletne £)iebe fyangt man, bte
grofilen laf t man laufen.
SKorgen, morgen! nur ntcfyt
fyeute, fagen immer faule
%euU.
9QfHt ber §cit pfXuc^t man Sffofen.
9tftancf)er 2Cpfel tjat etne fdbSne
(Scfyale unb tnroenbtg ftecBt
ein £Burm.
?Rtd)t§ ttriffen ift feme (gcfyanbe/
aber md)t lernen tt>ollen.
SRoty brid)t ©fen.
9larf) tern EKegen fdbeint tie
©onne.
yiifyt Bteitftftyxm/ fonbern 3ufrte*
benfyeit madfot bie SO^enfci)en
glucflid).
SRom ift in einem Sage nicfyt
gebauet roorben.
We are in the secret.
One swallow does not make
a summer.
Idleness, like rust, is more
destructive than labour.
In peace we bloom, in dis-
cord consume.
Freely ventured, quickly
won.
Custom is a second nature.
Youth is the season for
pleasure.
What we are accustomed to
in youth we do in old age.
Little thieves are hanged,
but great ones are allowed
to escape.
Do not put off till to-morrow
what you can do to-day.
Be patient, and in time you
will succeed.
A fair outside may treachery
hide.
To be ignorant is a misfor-
tune, to be unwilling to
learn a disgrace.
Necessity has no law.
After a storm comes a calm.
It is not wealth, but content,
that makes men happy.
Rome was not built in a day.
121
SBerfpredpn unb batten frc^r fetn
an Sung unb liltcn.
SSSem ntd)t §u ratten i|r, tern ijl
aud) ntd^r gu ^eifen.
I85er ntemais benft, nrirb memalS
tueife merben.
SSer nidjt fybxeuwift, mv$ fut)len.
2Ber Unglutf gefoftet Far, roeijj
one e§ etnem anbern fdjmecft.
SQSo nid)t§ i\tf ba fyat ter Jtatfer
fetn SRedit »erloren.
2Ber roenfj fyat, fann roenig
miffen.
2Ber anbern etne ©rube qxabt,
fdllt enbltd) fclbji baretn.
23er ftd) in ©efatjr begibt, fommt
teid)t urn.
2£er letdjt giaubt, nrirb feid)t
betrogen.
Sffiag man gern tfcut, nrirb einem
letd}t.
2BaS betne£ 2Cmt€ md;t if:, ba
(af beinen SJovtpt^.
gBtffcnfdjafi t)err[ri): tmmer fiber
Unnriffen$tit.
3ett/ ©bbe unb glut§ marten auf
Sfttemanb.
Sdjl&fler in tie Suft bauen.
3d) fann ntdjts bafur.
©ebe rait tie <£d)ulb merit.
3d) bin md)t Sdjulb baran.
it behoves both young and
old to perform what they
promise.
He who will not be advised,
cannot be helped.
He who never thinks, will-
never be wise.
He who will not hear, must
feel.
Misfortune teaches compas-
sion.
Where there is nothing, the
king loses his right.
He who has but little, has
little to lose.
Whoever digs a pit for an-
other, ultimately falls into
it himself.
He who runs into danger,
soon perishes.
The credulous are easily de-
ceived.
Where there is a will there
is a way.
Do not trouble yourself with
other people's business.
Knowledge will always have
the ascendancy over ig-
norance.
Time and tide wait for no
man.
To build castles in the air.
I cannot help it.
Do not impute the blame to
me.
I am not to blame for it.
M
122
(§r erjatyt etrcag (Sinfalttgeg.
£>teg gel)6rt ntd)t tytefyer.
3d) fann eg nid)t anbern.
Sr fyut few 2Sefte6.
@te ftellen etne genaue Untctfu-
cfyung an.
<5r $at eg nidjt gern getfyan.
<5r lagt fid) 20leg gefallen.
34 laffe eg barauf anfommen.
He tells stories without either
head or tail.
That has nothing to do with
it.
1 can do nothing in that
affair.
He does all he can.
They are making a strict
enquiry.
He did not do it intention-
ally.
He submits to every thing.
I am prepared for the worst.
9tid)t nriffen, rcie man ftdj bet Not to know how to set
etroag §u serfyatten §at, uric about a thing,
man eg anfangen foil.
@g fref)t Sfynen fret.
£)ag tft mir gu l)od).
Ste follen eg empfinben.
@g fdjmecft ntdhtg um)erfu<$t.
£)tefeg portrait tft gut getroffen.
@g elelt mir bat>or.
28ie lange foil id) nod) marten ?
©te I6nncn nod) lange marten.
3d) oerbenfe e§ tfym nid;t.
3d) serbenfe eg 3*)nen f^r.
(fg foil barauf md)t anfommen.
You are at liberty to do as
you please.
That is above my compre-
hension.
You will not escape with
impunity.
To judge of that, one must
have experienced it.
This portrait is a good like-
ness.
I am disgusted with it.
How long am I to wait ?
You have a long time to
wait yet.
I do not blame him alone for
it.
I think you are very much
to be blamed for it.
Do not let that be an ob-
stacle.
123
Wan fyat tyn in ben 2Cpril ge=
fdjtcft.
6t tturb e£ ntdjt babet bewenbcn
laffen,
(53 gefyt t£)m alleS nad) Sffiunfd).
@elei)rten tft gut prebtgen.
£aS [aft fd)6n.
£>aS SSlatt t)at fid) gercenbet.
(Sr tft 5U allem §u gebraucfyen.
£)tefe £nopfe fd)tc!en ftdj nid)t
in btefem ^leibe.
£)a§ jtefyt 36nen fefyt fd)6n.
©te tfyaten alleS/ mas fie tfym an
ben 2Cugen anfe^en fonnten.
@r tft md)t fo fd)iimm a(6 ec
auSjtefjt.
grcunbfdjaft $in# greunbfdjaft
let*
<5tn ©djelm/ ber eg bofe meint.
Sajfen (Sie fid) ha$ eine ^ffiar^
nung fetn.
2)te <Sad;e ift ntcfyt §u ^tanbe
gefommen.
OTeS bletbt betm 2Uten.
@r nrirb eS Kwtyt bletben laffen.
Seber fjat fetn (Stecfenpferb.
(53 tft mtr. fairer angefcmmen.
£)te ^ad)e ge^t mid) an.
33) laffe mtr baS nic^t auSreben.
They have made an April
fool of him.
He will not stick at that.
He succeeds in every thing
he undertakes.
A word to the wise.
That is pretty to look upon.
The case is altered.
He is fit for anything.
These buttons are not fit for
this coat.
You look very well in that.
They anticipated his wishes.
He is not so bad as he ap-
pears to be.
Friendship has nothing to
do with it.
Evil be to him that evil
thinks.
Be more upon your guard in
future.
The undertaking has not
succeeded.
Every thing remains as it
was.
He will not interfere with it.
Every one has his hobby-
horse.
It was very difficult for me
to make up my mind to it.
I am interested in the busi-
ness.
I shall not change my opi-
nion.
124
Sine <£t)rc ijl ter antern roevtt).
93tad)en ©ie eg fid) bequem.
3d) trage fein SBebenfen eg §u
tfyun.
?Cftan farm e§ gar mdtf befdjretben.
3d) roetjj nid)t, roag it)n ba^u be?
toegt.
(Sr t)at miti) betogen.
3d) fann tfym ba$ md)t aug bem
Jtopfe bringen.
©ie t>t t$n urn alleg gebrad)t.
SOfcan §at nid)t§ auf i^)n bringen
fonnen.
3d) bin babet gercefen.
GrS liegt mir niditg baran.
(Sr fann au§ (Srfafyrung fpred)en.
©ie ijat ifyn fal[d)lid) angegeben,
3d) i)abe mir eg feft oorgencm?
men.
Sftan mufj eg nid)t (o genau
nefymen.
(Sr gibt auf alleg fefyr genau lidjt.
$£iv troUen bacon abbredjen.
3d) fann mid) mit ttym nidjt rer-
tragen.
£$ergnugt fein gefyt uber 3fteict>
tt)um.
Sie fyaben eg ein menig §u grob
gemad)t.
($r l)at eg fefyr gut bei feinem
#errn.
<Sie tyat eg beffer aU tt)re
(Sd)n;ejtern.
One good turn deserves
another.
Make yourself comfortable.
I am willing to do it.
It beggars all description.
I do not know what is his
motive for it.
He has deceived me.
I cannot persuade him to
the contrary.
She has ruined him.
They have not been able to
bring any charge against
him.
I was present at the time.
I have no interest in it.
He is a man of experience.
She has accused him falsely.
I have seriously made up my
mind to do it.
We must not. examine it so
closely.
He allows nothing to pass
unobserved.
Let us talk about something
else.
i cannot bear him.
Contentment is better than
wealth.
That is above a joke.
He is well treated by his
master.
She is in better circum-
stances than her sisters.
125
3ttan mug eg nidjtfo roett Commen
laffen.
2Ba§ fatten Sie baoon ?
#ug ten 2Cugen/ aug tern Sinn.
@g ijl mix baran gelegen.
(5r mifd)t fid) fe^r in frcmbe
§dnbel.
(St lann ntd)t mugtg gefyen.
SQStc roar 3fynen ju SKut^e ?
3d) n?eip rote etnem in bergteid)en
gdlten su SJtutye ijl,
Sftdjttge Sftecfynung erfydlt gute
greunbe.
9tun ftnb rote etnanber nicfytg
me^r fcftuibtg.
2B:.r roollen baruber fdjtafen.
6te f)aben mtr bag jum spoflfen
geifyan.
(Jin rdubtgeg ©cfcaf fiecft tie
gar^e #eerbe an.
<5r fauft wit ein SSurftenbtnber.
£>et SEBolf fript aud) tie ge§d^
ten @d)afe.
3Bo Sauben ftnb/ fltegen Sauben
&u.
(Sin ieber ijl #err in fetnem
|»aufe;
£)ag £emb ift mk nd^er alg ber
9tocf.
@te fyat ifcm ben (Sdjiuffet auf
bag ©cab gelegt.
(§g ift unmoglid)/ bag Sic bag
tt)un fonnen.
©title fSSaffer grimben tief.
SBSciwi er bog ift/ fo mag ec
rcueber gut werben.
We must not allow it to go
on to such a length.
What is your opinion of it ?
Out of sight, out of mind.
I am not indifferent to it.
He meddles with other peo-
ple's business.
He must be doing something.
How did you feel ?
I know what it is to be so
situated.
Short reckonings make long
friends.
Now we are quits.
Advise with your pillow.
You have played me a trick
One bad sheep spoils the
whole flock.
He drinks like a fish.
Do not reckon your chickens
before they are hatched.
Birds of a feather flock to-
gether.
Every one may do as he
likes in his own house.
Charity begins at home.
His widow has renounced
the succession.
If you do it I will give you
a white crow.
Smooth water runs deep.
If he be vexed, let him
please himself again.
m 3
126
3d) M)roa£e me aug bee ©durte. I never tell tales out of
school.
Dtefe SRofen fyaben fdwn oerbfityt. These roses are faded.
£>te 9to(e ift ba6 (Sinnbilb ber The rose is the emblem of
®#5nbeit. beauty.
3fom t|t ntdjt in etnem Sage ge= Rome was not built in a day.
bauet worben.
®S lann md)t aileS g(etd) jetn in There must be different
ber §Q3clr. classes of society.
2BaS er ftd) etnmal in ben £opf When he has once made up
gefefci £at, babet bleibt ec« his mind, he never alters
it.
£er 2Binb brefc)t ftd) oon Morten The wind is shifting from
nad) 3£ejten. the north to the west.
Dtefer |>ut ftetyt 3fynen gut. This hat fits you well.
Bk fommen mir Ijeute fo ernfU You look very grave to-day.
fyaft oor.
©te uberlegen ntd)t n?aS ©tc You do not know what you
fagen. are saying.
Stofprecfyen unb fatten tft jweu It is one thing to promise
erlet. and another to perform.
2Cuf etne bumme gvage get)6vt A foolish question requires
letne 2Cntn>ort. no answer.
3d) m5d)tebtefeS 23ud) gernlefen. I should like to read this
book.
3d) wxbt ©ie ffftotgen befudjen. I will call upon you to-
morrow.
3d) t)abe mir em gebermeffcr I have bought a penknife.
gefauft.
3d) nefyme mir bie grcit)ett an I take the liberty of writing
@te &u fd)retben. to you.
SBStt wetben unS ba£ Sergnugen We will do ourselves the
mad)en. pleasure.
3d) wrfte^e nid)t wa§ ©ie reben. I do not understand what
you say.
KBai fe^lt Sfynen/ lieber greunb ? What do you want, my good
fellow ?
127
(5$ roirb @ie befcemben e§ &u
fyoren.
3d) bttte @te urn 3&* geber*
meffer.
(Si* btttet mid) urn etne ©efatltg*
felt.
(gr btttet urn tie (Srlaubntf?
nad) #aufe gu gefyen.
34 banfe Sfynen ffe: 3^e ©ute.
3d) bin ad)t Sage md)t au§ges
gangen.
©te ftnb sot bret Sagen ctbge?
reift.
£)iefe£ &inb fann lefen unb
fcfyretben ; taffen ©ie e£ etns
mat lefen.
Saffen ©ie e3 herein fommen.
Saffen ©ie fetnen SSruber fyolen.
3d) bin mtt tfym gufriebert/ unb
aud) mtt 3fynen,
3d) fomme gtetd).
3d) fomme gteid) trteber.
3d) mitt nur eine S3tertetftunbe
auSbleiben.
fOBir werben ein Ungenntter unb
SKegen belommen.
©tnb mete franjbfifdje Sefyrer in
ber ©tabt?
2Bo tjaben ©te biefen #erw
fennen geternt ?
2)a§ fage id) nid)t.
£)aS tt;ut mein SSruber nidjt.
You will be surprised to hear
it.
Pray lend me your penknife.
He asks me to do him a
favour.
He asks for permission to
go home.
I thank you for your kind-
ness.
It is a week since I went
out.
They took their departure
three days ago.
This child can read and
write ; hear him read.
Tell him to come in.
Send for his brother.
I am pleased with him, and
with you likewise.
I will be with you imme-
diately.
I am coming back directly.
I shall not be away more
than a quarter of an hour.
We shall have a storm.
Are there many teachers of
the French language in
this town ?
Where did you become ac-
quainted with that gen-
tleman ?
I shall keep that a secret.
My brother will not do that.
128
£)a§ macf)t ber SGBcin.
3d) lomme son metnem Dfyetm.
£abzn £te tte ©tite, unb !om=
men @te mit mtr.
^etn 6>te fo gtutg unb fagen <5ie
mtr.
3d) roerbe mtr tie (Sfyxe geben
gte 5U begletten.
3d) nrill 3fynen ntdjt befytoet*
ltd) fallen.
3d) ^abt ben (Sdjnupfen.
§Bo !;aben BU biefcn Sdjnupfen
befommen?
That is the effect of the wine.
My uncle has sent me.
Have the goodness to come
with me.
Be so kind as to tell me.
I will do myself the honour
to accompany you.
I will not interrupt you.
I have a cold.
Where have you got that
cold ?
g* if: ein foltfcer SOtonn.
<5r rotbmet jtd) sordid) bem
(Sommif|tenH?anbel.
(Sr fyat al£ ©eljulfc in ben ange^
fe^cnften £anb!ungS=£aufetn
gearbettet.
dr ijat (cine eigenen d5efd;dfte
angefangen.
G£r tft etn Gompagnon beg £rn.
9fo unb ifl mit feti.er SSer^
bintung gufrieben.
dx tjr etn gefd)trorner leafier,
©ic fonnen fid) auf tie ga^lung
oerlajjen.
3d) roerbe 8ie gur. £ec!ung
metner tm ndiften SOlonat
fallig rperbenben 23erpfltdnun=
gen mit guten SRimeffen auf
Hamburg rcrfe^en.
He is a man of good account.
He confines himself espe-
cially to the commission
line.
He has served as clerk in
the most eminent com-
mercial houses.
He has set up for himself.
He is a partner of Mr. N.,
and he is satisfied with
his partnership.
He is a sworn broker.
You may rely on the pay-
ment.
I will provide you with good
remittan ces on Hamburgh,
to cover my engagement
becoming due in the course
of next month.
129
Unfere ©peculation nacb Xmerifa
ift gut auSgefalten.
3d) ^abe leinen SBcrtfjeit ccn
liefer Unternefymung ge^abt,
intern ber 9Jiar!t mit biefem
2Crtifel uberfutyrt war.
Sfyre Sratten finb getydrig etn=
geloft rcorben.
22a6 fur ein ©eirinn roirb babet
fein ?
22eld)er ©enMnn rcirb babei
tyeraugf ommcn ?
3&t §Skrt$e§t>om 7. b. ift ric^tig
eingegangen.
3i)re gefcfyafcten 3eiten torn 15.
D. SCR. finb unS erft t)eute §u=
gefommen.
3§r 2Sertr;e3 com 18. 3ulp ift
mit tester $>ojr eingegangen.
2Btr benu^en tiefe ©elegen^eit
nacl) 2Cmerila/ burd) ben ©apU
tain ©rat)/ ©ie ju benad^ri^
tigen/ baf$ tt>ir nod) fonwafc
renb o\)m irgenb eine 2CnttDort
rutfftcbtltd) beS betrufjten ©e=
fd>afts finb.
3$r letter SBrief an mid) ift irre
gelaufen.
Sie finb fur auggelegteg SSrtef-
porto mit 5Z. 45. 6c?. belafret
tr-orben.
3£rem 2£uftrage ^ufoige nmrben
wit leinen ^ugenbucf gefaumt
fyaben Sfyve SSefteltung au?5u=
fu^ren/ aber §u ben un£ ge=
marten SSegran^ungen war
Our speculation for America
has turned to account.
I have reaped no profit from
this undertaking, the
market having been over-
stocked with this article.
Your drafts have been duly
discharged.
What profit will accrue
thereby ?
What gain will arise there-
from ?
Your favour of the 7th inst.
came duly to hand.
Your esteemed lines of the
loth ult. have but reached
us to-day.
Your kind letter of the 18th
July C3me by last post.
We embrace this opportu-
nity for America, by Cap-
tain John Gray, to advise
you that we are still with-
out any answer concern-
ing the business in ques-
tion.
Your last letter to me has
miscarried.
You are debited for the
postage I paid, with
51. 4s. 6d.
Pursuant to vour order, we
should not have lost a
moment in executing your
commission, but, at the
limits given us, it was not
130
eg md)t mogltd), tfyren SSefefyl
auSjufufjrem
Set) bebarf einer gregen (Summe
@eibe$. 3d) bin in SRoty
urn (Safja.
£>ie ^retfe ftnb in baarem @elbe
nottrt,
Scf) bin sum Curator ber ?0^a(fe
erwafylt roorben.
@r f)at in biefem gallifiement
eine SSotlmadjt on ben £errn
S3, gefanbt.
(§r Ijat fid) $u frarl in SBSed&fefe
retteret etngeiafjen.
sDer Simbenb roirb ffinf <5d)tfs
linge fiir ba$ $Pfunb few* or,
er fyat funf (Scfyttfinge im
spfunbe geiaffen.
SSetber te^ten SSerfammlung ber
©tdubtger be^telt i<$ mir
meine 2Cnfprucbe oor/ wenn
ber gall.it roteber in beffere
Umjidnbc lommt.
<£r war tic (Stn^tge, ber bm
sorgefefytagenen 23ergleid) nidjt
etngtng.
3d) r;abe fetne S5ud)er unter*
fud)t/ urn 5U erfar;ren/ ttrie
(eine <Sad)en ftefjen.
3d) roerbe genotfyigt fetn; (Sie
roegen jroet 28ed)fel §u belan=
gen.
©panifdje ££otfe lann je£t jolU
fret etngefufyrt roerben.
Setn £rebit roar aufs fyocfyjle
gejftegem
possible to effect your
order.
I have occasion for a great
sum of money. I am
distressed for cash.
The prices are quoted in
ready cash.
I have been chosen an as-
signee.
He has sent a power of at-
torney in this failure to
Mr. B.
He has given too much into
drawing and redrawing.
The dividend will be five
shillings in the pound,
or, he has left five shillings
in the pound.
At the last meeting of cre-
ditors, I reserved a future
claim, in case the bankrupt
again proves successful in
business.
He was the only one who did
not consent to the agree-
ment proposed.
I have examined his books,
to find out how matters
stand with him.
I shall be obliged to bring an
action against you about
two bills.
Spanish wool may now be
imported duty free.
His credit had risen to the
utmost.
131
£5er28etn mug abge^ogen werben.
(gr gtng auS, urn etroa§ (Mb
auf^utretben.
£)te ?>retfe beg £orn§ ftetjen fyodj.
£>te spretfe finb geftiegen.
(Sr lommr empor.
£)a$ ©tranbredjt tjife^r ftrenge.
©te mujfen fid) auf bte SSe^afytung
etneS sftadjfdjutfeS gefa^t
madjen.
3d) empfange 3fyre ^Briefe D'ebet
uber £)jfenfce, al§ uber #ol*
lanb.
£)aS ©d)tff ift an ber Sftunbung
beS glujfci gefrranbet.
(Sin grofkr S£§eit ber ©uter ift
burd) Seudjterfafyrjeuge gebor-
gen roorben.
2)a£ ©cfytff ift ttneber fXott ge~
mad)t trorben.
©te finb burd) bie SSerftdjerung
gebecft.
£)ie£3erfid)erer finb nid)toerpfItd]=
tet, oorS5eenbtgung ber ©treits
fadje 5U bejafylen.
3d) oerliere bet btefem Unfalle.
£)ie SSerftd^erer bejafyften ben 23er=
fid)erten 30 p(5t. auf #bfd)lag.
£)a§ ©d)iff Ud)tete bie tfnfer
unb ging mtt einem gunjftgen
fJBtnbe unter ©egel.
£)er (Sapitatn war burd) nribrige
SBinbe genotfytgt, in 23reft eins
gutaufen unb 2Cn!er§un?erfen.
The wine must be racked.
He went out to raise some
money.
Corn is very dear.
Prices have risen.
He is making his fortune.
The laws of shipwreck are
very rigorous.
You may prepare yourself to
pay some arrears.
I like to receive your letters
via Ostend, rather than
by way of Holland.
The ship stranded at the
mouth of the river.
Great part of the goods has
been saved by lighters.
The ship has again been set
afloat.
The insurance covers you.
The insurers are not bound
to pay the money before
the suit is ended.
I lose by that mishap.
The underwriters paid 30 per
cent, before hand to the
insured.
The ship weighed anchor,
and set sail with a fair
wind.
The captain was forced by
adverse (or contrary)
winds to put into Brest
and to cast anchor.
132
<Sin£rieg§fd)tff bradjte $roet reid)
belabene $auffa£)rtetfd)tffe auf.
£)te ^eerdubet (or tie itaper)
beunrufytgen tie jtujlc, unb tie
S$erftd)erung§=93ramie tjl fefyr
t)od).
Sic £aoatie iji nod) md)t aufc
gemad)t.
@S ijl tin ftarfeS/ btd)te§ unb
tt?ot)lgebautc€ Sd)tff, unb com
£errn Sft. auf (Stjactepartte
befrad)tet.
6r biente aiS ©djtffgjtmmcrmann
auf ben SDSerften t>on (Snglanb.
(Sr rujlet jwei ©djiffc aus.
3d) oerlange cine (Sntfdj&fetgung
oon tfym, tnbem ic^ bafur ocr^
antmortltd) bin.
28et£en tjl urn 200 £f)tr. §u
fyaben.
2Bed)fel auf spans ftnb al pari
md)t gu fyaben.
Snbtgo ijl fetyr begefyrt.
3d) be$tefye mid) auf meinen
le£ten 33rief.
£te ^Preife jletgen ftyr* unb
ircrbcn ftd) alter SBatnrfdjein*
ltdjfett nad) fatten.
@S ijl roentg Seben auf unfcrm
$pta§e.
Sic Sfyran^retfe fatten ftd).
@S fyat ftd) cine gute 9tad)frage
fur SGSolle ctngejlellt.
3n btefem TCugenblicf !am tie
(Snctftfd)e gpoft &ur. @tabt.
<5r t)at etnen RNr$afte»Scfftf
gegen tfyn bewtrlt.
A man of war captured two
merchantmen richly laden.
The pirates (or, the priva-
teers) infest the coast, and
the premium of insurance
is very high.
The av ^rage is not yet set-
tled.
It is a strong, staunch, and
well built vessel, and char-
tered by Mr. N.
He served as a shipwright in
the dockyards of England.
He is fitting out two ships.
I demand an indemnity of
him, being answerable for
it.
Wheat sells at 200 dollars.
Bills on Paris are not to be
had at par.
There is a great call for indigo.
I crave your reference to my
last letter.
The prices run very high,
and in all likelihood will
be supported.
There is little stir in our
market.
Train-oil keeps up.
Wool has been much in de-
mand.
The English mail reached
town this moment.
He has got a writ against
him.
137
£)te ®uter finb tern gufyvmann
auSgeliefert worben.
3otlangabe tx)irb btejemge £)e^
Iteration genannt, roorin tie
etngefufyrten ©titer fpectfictrt
angegeben finb.
JDte Unloften ouf ben ge^ogenen
unb proteftirten 2Bcd)fel be=
foufen fid) auf SCR!.—
SDGcm tyat etne grofe fERenge
$rapp au6geful)rt.
3$ fenne fetne SkrmogenSums
ftdnbe.
3&r 2Sed)fel tjl Sffiangel^n*
nafyme protefttrt roorben.
£)er 2Sed)fel tft son etnem unbe?
fannten £au(e ge§ogen, aber
Don ben erften 33anfter$ tn^
boffirt.
2)te S3er!auf6sSRed)nung ijl oor=
tyettyaft.
3<3) bitte (Sie ben SSetrag in
JSolomaUBaaren anjulegen/
benn bte ^pcetfe roerben ofyne
Sroetfel ftetgen.
Sebermann an unferer 836rfe war
ber SKetnung, baf* bte spreife
btefcr 2Baare niebrtger ge^en
rcurben.
<Set)r grofe 2Cn!aufe ftnb in
3taffee gemad)t roorben.
©te burfen ntdjt befuccfytem baj?
bie spretfe fallen trerben.
£)a§ ftetgen ber ^vetfe §u £am~
The goods have been de-
livered to the carrier.
Entry at the custom-house
is called that declaration,
wherein the goods which
have been imported, are
specified.
The account of charges on
the protested bill amounts
to marks — .
There is exported a great
quantity of madder.
I am acquainted with the
state of his affairs.
Your bill has been protested
for want of acceptance.
The bill is drawn by an un-
known house, but indorsed
by the first bankers.
The account-sales are very
pleasing (satisfactory).
I beg you to invest the
amount in colonial pro-
duce, because the prices
will rise beyond doubt.
Every body at our exchange
was of opinion that the
prices of this commodity
would decline.
Very large purchases have
been made in coffee.
You need be under no ap-
prehension of a decline in
prices.
The rising of the prices at
N
138
burg fyat auf unfern 9ftar£t
(Stnfiuf? gefyabt.
Set) roerbe 2Cntl)ett baran nefymen.
3d) barf e§ ntcrjt roagen Sfynen
eine ^ommtffton 511 aeben.
Sklieben ©ie unfere Prima §ur
Skrfugung ber Secunda 511
fatten.
2)er 23elauf ber Ricambio
(3ftucfr'oed)felred)nung)ijr£ — .
£te SBaaren [tub fecr;S SOtonat
3tel angefe^t, unb roir berml-
itgen 3fynen 4 p(5t. bci £3aar=
la^lung.
SBMu t)Qben 10.000 SDcf. ^cc.
auf ©ie abgegeben/ unb rrer^
ben ntd)t mfefyleu/ Sfynen bei
SSerfalljeit 2Cnfd)affungen bo^
fur §u mafym.
3d) jrebe Jbnen etnen ^rebtt
son £ — git.
SBtr rotbmen un$ bloS tern G>orn^
tmfjton§*£anbei.
St)* £au£ tft unS empfot)(en
roorben.
£)ie Courtage (Sftafletlo^n) ijr
SBegen metner 2Cu3lagen roerbe
td) mid) mtt tern $errn Sft".
beredbnen.
Stjre 2Cnn>ei(ung auf — — ijr
etngegangen.
SKenn 3fyre SCnfdjaffungen gur
rcd)ten 3ett bn un§ etnfpredjen,
fo rcerben wrir me bxe <3tnIo^
fung il)rer Srattcn serrceigern.
Hamburgh has affected
our market likewise.
I shall take a share in it.
I dare not venture to give
you a commission.
Please to hold our first of
exchange for the call of the
second.
The amount of re-exchange
is £ — .
The goods are charged at
six months' credit, and we
grant you 4 per cent, in
paying prompt.
We have valued on you
10,000 marks banco, and
shall not fail of reimburs-
ing you at maturity (or,
before they fall due).
I allow you a running credit
so high as £ — .
We devote (confine) ourselves
solely to the commission
line.
Your house has been recom-
mended to us.
The brokerage is £ per cent.
For the amount of my dis-
bursements I shall draw-
on Mr. N.
Your bill on is cashed.
If your funds reach us in
due time, we shall never
refuse the acceptance of
your drafts.
139
Sfyre Unternet;mmig roirb fefyr
gute SRed)nung geben.
3d) biete 3fynen meine £)ienfte
an.
£)ie Dftinbifdje gompagnie §at
2000 SSallen SSaumwcIle &um
SSerfauf auSgefefct.
£>a$ £au§ con 9£. tyat 3afylung
etngejtellt.
©te fonnen ftct) barauf cerlaffeti/
bag id) 3fyre Sratten* bti
SSorjeigung/ ge^ortg oerefyren
roerbe.
©te lonnen fid) fur ben SBclauf
3^er gafture, unter glettfs
settiger ©infenbung be£ Gon^
noifjements §ur Skrficfyerung,
auf ben #errn 5ft. in Hamburg
erfyolen.
£>a baS ©(^itf# reeled ©te con
2Cmerifa er roar ten* in fdf)lecfy=
tern SFtuf bei unfern ^ffecura^
beurs tjt/ fo fyaben rotr letne
2Cu€ftd)t/ bie 2Cffecuran$ ^u
hem oorgefd)riebenen SpretS
511 be [or gen,
<Sc(d)e SBebtngungen fretjen unS
nicr)t an.
(Sr fyat ein 3Baaren=2ager in
ber ^rfort^trafe errid)tet.
3d) r;abe au3 S^rem Umlaufs*
fdjretben bemerft/ bag ©ie
fid) conbem $errn 9t. getrermt
tyabeti.
@r treibt feine @ef$&fte mit
inelem (Srfolg.
Your enterprise will turn to
good account.
I tender my services to you.
The East India Company
has put up for sale 2000
bales of cotton,
The house of N. has stopped
payment.
You may rely on my duly
honouring your drafts on
presentation.
You may reimburse yourself
for the amount of your in-
voice on Mr. N. in Ham-
burgh, transmitting him at
the same time the bill of
lading for insurance.
The ship you expect from
America, being in bad re-
pute among our under-
writers, we have no pros-
pect of effecting the in-
surance at your limits.
Such terms do not suit us.
He has set up a warehouse
in Oxford-street.
I observed by your circular
your having dissolved part-
nership with Mr. N.
He carries on business with
much success.
140
3d) bin mtt feinem &aufe 5U=
frieben/ inbem tie ^Dreife fetts
bem gejltcgen ftnb.
£Me Dualitat con rofyen Sucfern
jltmrat nid)t mtt ber ^Probe
uberein.
SKofye unb gttK'tbrd^tige (Seibe fyaU
tm fid) fortbauernb tm preife.
3fyre S^imeffe Don £ — ijl ge=
l)6rt0 neretjrt it?orben.
£)er SKud^oll a'uf 3ucfer/ wetter
au§ ben SSeretntgten ^taaten
nrieber augQefuijrt rcorben/ ijl
unbebeutenb.
SSeXie&cn <Ste tie Sabung lieber
uber; al§ unter bem SKkrtfje
§u oerftdjern.
@r fytelt mid) ^>in wegen bee
3a I) lung.
(Sr. tfyut e§/ urn geit §u gettrin^
nen.
3t)fe SSollmadjt ifl nid)t in ge^
Rodger gorm auSgefeuttgt.
3d) ^)abc ifym meine gange S8olU
mad)t gegeben.
©ie ftnb tie foltbejlen Seute in
biefem Sanbe.
3^e gorberung an mid) ijl nid)t
metyr at§ 2000 ££)lv.
£er #errn 9t. ijl burd) mid) er^
macfytigt, SBriefe unb fSSec^fet
in meinem Xiamen gu jeicfynen.
I am satisfied with his pur-
chase, the prices having
since advanced.
The quality of the raw sugar
does not agree with the
samples.
Raw and thrown silk con-
tinue pretty steady in price.
Your remittance of £ — has
been honoured.
The drawback on sugars, re-
exported from the United
States is trilling.
Please to insure the cargo
rather above than below
value.
He kept me off and on for
the payment.
He does it to gain time.
Your power of attorney is not
drawn up in due form.
I have invested him with my
full power.
Their character is one of the
fairest in this country.
Your claim upon me is no
more than 2000 dollars.
Mr. N. is empowered by me
to sign letters and bills in
my name.
J. Wertlieimer & Co., Printers, Fmsburj Circus.
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